Particles' mass and the connection to the square of the magnetic flux quantum, and the Quarks at energy levels within the baryons.

The motivation for investigating the issues presented in this article stemmed from a discovery that resulted from using the magnetic flux quantum, that combine the Planck's constant and the Elementary charge. It led to a new relationship between the combined expressions, and it revealed that the mass of the electron is associated with the magnitude of the square of the magnetic flux quantum. Also it revealed a novel significance of the vacuum permittivity constant (in SI units), that relies also on an analogy to the kinetic theory of gases. By using the concept of the nucleus motion around the center of mass shared with the electron in the Hydrogen atom, along with defineing the orbital angular momentum of the proton at the trajectory around the center of mass, yield a velocity of the proton at this trajectory, and also a new physical constant which fulfill a similar role like the fine structure constant. The new constant yield results for the proton and neutron masses and their radii.
Another aspect presented in a briefly way, demonstrates the connection between the square of the magnetic flux quantum through the Bohr radius that provides a novel significance of the wave function in the atom.
This paper presents also a new perspective on the internal structure of the proton and neutron with their quarks, and on the origin of the weak force bosons associated with this internal structure. The quark model was initially proposed independently by physicists Marie Gell-Mann and George Zweig in 1964. The Quarks were introduced as part of an ordering scheme for hadrons. In this paper the proton, neutron and all baryons consist of two energy levels on which the Up and Down quarks are in an orbit level (The Gluons are exchanged between them at their levels), and a third energy level that equal to ~ 80 [Gev], that plays a central role in the decay process via the weak force. The results are in full accordance with the results published by NIST CODATA 2018 that I’ve used, validating the results.

本文所探讨问题的研究动机，源于结合普朗克常数（Planck's constant）与元电荷（Elementary charge）所定义的磁通量量子（magnetic flux quantum）相关的一项发现。该发现推导出组合表达式间的全新关联，并揭示出电子质量与磁通量量子平方的幅值存在对应关系。同时，该发现还赋予了国际单位制下真空介电常数（vacuum permittivity constant）全新的物理意义，其推导也依托于与气体动理论的类比思路。通过引入氢原子中原子核与电子共享质心的运动模型，并定义质子绕质心运动轨迹处的轨道角动量，本文推导出质子在该轨迹上的运动速度，同时得到了一个与精细结构常数（fine structure constant）功能相似的全新物理常数。该全新常数可用于计算质子与中子的质量及其半径。

本文还简要阐述了另一项内容：通过玻尔半径（Bohr radius）建立磁通量量子平方间的关联，该关联为原子中的波函数（wave function）赋予了全新的物理意义。

此外，本文还针对质子、中子及其夸克（quark）的内部结构，以及与该结构相关的弱规范玻色子（weak force bosons）的起源问题，提出了全新的研究视角。

夸克模型最初于1964年由物理学家玛丽·盖尔曼（Marie Gell-Mann）与乔治·茨威格（George Zweig）各自独立提出。夸克最初是作为强子（hadrons）分类排序方案的一部分被引入的。

在本文的模型中，质子、中子与所有重子（baryons）均包含两类能级：上夸克（Up quark）与下夸克（Down quark）所处的轨道能级（胶子（Gluons）在该能级的夸克间进行交换），以及一个约为80吉电子伏特（GeV）的第三能级，该能级在弱相互作用主导的衰变过程中发挥核心作用。

本文所得结果与本文所采用的美国国家标准与技术研究院协调数据委员会2018（NIST CODATA 2018）公布的数据完全吻合，验证了本研究结论的正确性。