The study revealed the mechanism of different agricultural wastes to improve the yield and quality of Morchella.

This study found through high-throughput sequencing technology analysis that three types of agricultural waste, mushroom bran, waste tomato substrate, and coconut shell (with an added amount of 5%), have a synergistic effect on the cultivation of morel mushrooms: in terms of yield, the mushroom bran group is the best (soil nutrient enrichment), followed by tomato substrate (water holding capacity and peat nutrition), all of which promote early mushroom emergence, significantly increase polysaccharide, crude protein, and potassium content, and reduce crude fat and crude fiber; In terms of soil improvement, optimizing the physical structure of various materials (reducing bulk density, enhancing water holding capacity) and chemical properties (enriching nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, regulating nitrogen forms and trace elements); In terms of microbial community, the abundance of beneficial bacteria such as Actinomycota, Gemmatimonadota, and Devosia was significantly increased, and nitrogen fixation/nitrification/decomposition functions were enhanced (the abundance of Bacillaceae in the fungal bran group was positively correlated with yield). At the same time, pathogenic fungi such as Mortierella and Trichoderma were inhibited, and ecological competition was reduced by reducing fungal diversity. Fungal bran has dual advantages of nutrient release and microbial regulation. Tomato substrate and coconut shell, as new and efficient resources, enhance the yield and quality of morel mushrooms through a synergistic pathway of "physicochemical microbial". In the future, targeted regulation of functional microorganisms and optimization of waste pretreatment are needed to achieve sustainable development.