Right-wing Authoritarianism, Left-wing Authoritarianism, and pandemic-mitigation authoritarianism

Data ReadMe: "Right-Wing Authoritarianism, Left-Wing Authoritarianism, and Pandemic-Mitigation Authoritarianism" final_dataset: 1 = cases remaining after excluding those lacking ZIP codes, genders other than male or female, and one case with a reported age of 2. 0 = excluded cases. afr_am: 1 = yes income_reduced: 7-point scale, anchored by "strongly disagree" and "strongly agree": My income is being reduced by following social distancing restrictions [Note: To protect participants' confidentiality, county COVID rate is not included in this file. Researchers may request these rates, and the names of counties, by contacting the author] The remaining items were responded to on a 7-point scale anchored by "strongly disagree" and "strongly agree." con_1_r: It’s great that many young people today are prepared to defy authority (reversed) con_2: What our country needs most is discipline, with everyone following our leaders in unity con_3_r: Students at high schools and at university must be encouraged to challenge, criticize, and confront established authorities (reversed) con_4: Obedience and respect for authority are the most important virtues children should learn. con_5: Our country will be great if we show respect for authority and obey our leaders. con_6_r: People should be ready to protest against and challenge laws they don’t agree with (reversed). trad_1_r: Nobody should stick to the “straight and narrow.” Instead people should break loose and try out lots of different ideas and experiences (reversed) trad_2: The “old-fashioned ways” and “old-fashioned values” still show the best way to live trad_3: God’s laws about abortion, pornography, and marriage must be strictly followed before it is too late trad_4_r: There is absolutely nothing wrong with nudist camps (reversed) trad_5: This country will flourish if young people stop experimenting with drugs, alcohol, and sex, and pay more attention to family values trad_6_r: There is nothing wrong with premarital sexual intercourse (reversed) auth_1_r: Strong, tough government will harm not help our country (reversed) auth_2: Being kind to loafers or criminals will only encourage them to take advantage of your weakness, so it’s best to use a firm, tough hand when dealing with them auth_3_r: Our society does NOT need tougher government and stricter laws (reversed) auth_4: The facts on crime and the recent public disorders show we have to crack down harder on troublemakers, if we are going preserve law and order auth_5_r: Our prisons are a shocking disgrace. Criminals are unfortunate people who deserve much better care, instead of so much punishment (reversed) auth_6: The way things are going in this country, it’s going to take a lot of “strong medicine” to straighten out the troublemakers, criminals, and perverts lwa_1: Bigots must be taught to shut-up and stay in their place lwa_2: Certain elements in our society must be made to pay for the violence of their ancestors lwa_3: Colleges and universities that permit speakers with intolerant views should be publicly condemned lwa_4: I am in favor of allowing the government to shut down right-wing internet sites and blogs that promote nutty, hateful positions lwa_5: Fox News, right-wing talk radio, and other conservative media outlets should be prohibited from broadcasting their hateful views lwa_6: Getting rid of inequality is more important than protecting the so-called “right” to free speech lwa_7: I cannot imagine myself becoming friends with a political conservative lwa_8: I hate being around non-progressive people lwa_9: I hate people who are themselves hateful lwa_10: I hope that far right extremists become sterile and can never reproduce lwa_11: I would be willing to take up arms to help a left-wing revolution succeed lwa_12: I would prefer a far-left leader with absolute authority over a right-wing leader with limited power lwa_13: If I could remake society, I would put members of historically and presently marginalized groups at the top lwa_14: If you're not going to support marginalized folks, you and I can't be friends lwa_15: It is important that we destroy the West's nationalist, imperialist values lwa_16: Not to change one’s behavior to accommodate victims of social injustice is a denial of their humanity lwa_17: One isn't closed-minded for hating people who are themselves closed-minded lwa_18:. Opposition to affirmative action is, by definition, racist lwa_19: People who are prejudiced against transgender folks are all evil lwa_20: Political correctness does not hinder free speech - it expands it lwa_21: The only good racist is a dead racist lwa_22: When we spend all of our time protecting the right to “free speech” we're protecting the rights of sexists, racists, and homophobes at the cost of marginalized people rep_police: I would report it to the police if I saw someone violating social distancing rules persuasion: overnment policies to reduce the spread of COVID-19 should rely more on persuasion than on enforcing rules about social distancing need_punishment: People can't be trusted to follow social distancing guidelines unless they are threatened with punishment certif_immunity: I support the idea of an official federal government certificate that would be issued to people with proven immunity to COVID-19 mandatory_app: I support the idea of requiring all smartphones to run an app that tracks a person's movements and notifies them when they are near a person infected with COVID-19 For as long as the COVID-19 pandemic continues... follow_distance_orders: ...Americans need to follow government orders about social distancing, even if they disagree with them prohibit_misinformtn: …governments should have the power to prohibit the spread of misinformation about COVID-19 that could endanger people if it were widely believed. surveill_churches: …government officials should put churches under surveillance to make sure that they're not holding services that violate social distancing rules restrict_protests: …the constitutional right to protest against government actions should be restricted ban_firearms: …sales of firearms should be banned. ban_nonessentials: …sales of non-essential goods should be banned close_abortion_clinics: …abortion clinics should be closed govt_run_economy: …governments will need to run the economy by deciding what goods are to be produced, and in what quantities no_jury_trial: …illegal activities that increase the spread of the virus should be punished directly by government officials, without the right to trial by jury executive_rule: …heads of national, state, and local governments should be able to order new restrictions on activities that could spread the virus, without needing to consult legislative bodies (such as Congress or state legislatures) extra_punishment: …crimes that take advantage of the pandemic (like stealing masks) should be punished much more severely than the same crimes when committed under normal conditions authority_to_experts: …public health experts should be given more authority than elected politicians mandatory_testing: …public health authorities should test people for the virus, even if they don't want to be tested, to obtain data that the authorities have decided they need to get the pandemic under control ban_foreigners: …citizens of foreign countries should be banned from entering the United States STATA Code for "Right-Wing Authoritarianism, Left-Wing Authoritarianism, and Pandemic-Mitigation Authoritarianism." Example of Imputation: The Conservatism scale of the ACT Scales. Using only cases for which final_dataset==1. mi set mlong . mi register imputed con_1_r con_2 con_3_r con_5 con_6_r (8 m=0 obs. now marked as incomplete) . mi register regular con_4 . mi impute chained (regress) con_1_2r con_2 con_3_r con_5 con_6_r = con_4, add(20) The mean value of 20 imputations was substituted for each missing value. Following imputation: Each of the ACT scales was scored as the mean score across its six items. RWA was scored as the mean score across the three ACT scales. LWA was scored as the mean score across the 22 LWA Index items. Example of hierarchical regression analysis: hireg rep_police (incm_reduced t_covid gender age afr_am) (lwa rwa) if final_dataset==1, r(beta) Here, t_covid is the zero-skewness log transform of county COVID-19 rate (cases per 100,000 residents)数据说明文档："右翼威权主义（Right-Wing Authoritarianism, RWA）、左翼威权主义（Left-Wing Authoritarianism, LWA）与疫情防控威权主义"最终数据集 1 = 有效样本，即排除了缺少邮政编码、性别非男/女，以及1例报告年龄为2岁的样本后剩余的案例；0 = 被排除的样本。 afr_am：1 = 是（指非洲裔美国人身份） income_reduced：以"完全不同意"和"完全同意"为锚点的7级李克特量表，题目为：我的收入因遵守社交距离限制而减少。[注：为保护受访者隐私，本文件未包含各县新冠疫情数据。研究者可通过联系作者获取此类数据及各县名称] 其余条目均采用以"完全不同意"和"完全同意"为锚点的7级李克特量表计分： con_1_r：如今许多年轻人敢于反抗权威，这一点很棒（反向计分） con_2：我们国家最需要的是纪律，所有人团结一心追随领袖 con_3_r：应鼓励中小学及高校学生挑战、批判并对抗既定权威（反向计分） con_4：顺从与尊重权威是儿童应当学习的最重要美德 con_5：若我们尊重权威、服从领袖，国家将愈发强盛 con_6_r：人们应当敢于抗议并抵制自己不认同的法律（反向计分） trad_1_r：没人应当固守"正道"，相反，人们应当挣脱束缚，尝试多样的想法与体验（反向计分） trad_2："传统方式"与"传统价值观"仍是最优的生活指引 trad_3：必须及时严格遵守上帝关于堕胎、色情与婚姻的律法 trad_4_r：裸体主义营地完全没有问题（反向计分） trad_5：若年轻人不再尝试毒品、酒精与性行为，转而重视家庭价值观，国家将繁荣昌盛 trad_6_r：婚前性行为完全没有问题（反向计分） auth_1_r：强大强硬的政府只会损害而非助力我们的国家（反向计分） auth_2：对懒汉或罪犯仁慈只会助长他们利用你的软弱，因此对待他们时最好采取强硬手段 auth_3_r：我们的社会不需要更严苛的政府与更严格的法律（反向计分） auth_4：犯罪事实与近期的公共骚乱表明，若要维护法律与秩序，我们必须对滋事者采取更严厉的打击措施 auth_5_r：我们的监狱体系令人震惊地可耻。罪犯本就是值得更好对待的不幸者，而非应受如此多惩罚的人（反向计分） auth_6：照目前这个国家的情势发展，要整治滋事者、罪犯与变态者，需要大量的"猛药" lwa_1：偏执狂必须被教训闭嘴，安分守己 lwa_2：社会中的某些群体必须为其祖先犯下的暴力行为付出代价 lwa_3：允许持有偏执观点的演讲者发言的高校，应当受到公开谴责 lwa_4：我支持政府关闭那些宣扬疯狂且仇恨观点的右翼互联网网站与博客 lwa_5：福克斯新闻、右翼脱口秀电台及其他保守媒体应当被禁止播出其仇恨言论 lwa_6：消除不平等比保护所谓的"言论自由权"更为重要 lwa_7：我无法想象自己与政治保守派成为朋友 lwa_8：我讨厌与非进步人士共处 lwa_9：我憎恨那些本身充满仇恨的人 lwa_10：我希望极右翼极端主义者无法生育，永远不能繁衍后代 lwa_11：我愿意拿起武器助力左翼革命取得成功 lwa_12：我更倾向于拥有绝对权力的极左翼领袖，而非权力有限的右翼领袖 lwa_13：若我能重塑社会，我会将历史与当下受压迫群体置于社会顶层 lwa_14：如果你不支持受压迫群体，那你我就不能成为朋友 lwa_15：我们必须摧毁西方的民族主义与帝国主义价值观 lwa_16：不改变自身行为以适应社会不公的受害者，就是否认他们的人性 lwa_17：憎恨本身充满偏见的人并不算思想封闭 lwa_18：从定义上来说，反对平权行动就是种族主义 lwa_19：所有对跨性别群体抱有偏见的人都是邪恶的 lwa_20：政治正确不会阻碍言论自由，反而会拓展它 lwa_21：最好的种族主义者是死去的种族主义者 lwa_22：当我们一味保护"言论自由"的权利时，我们实则是以边缘化群体为代价，保护了性别歧视者、种族主义者与恐同者 rep_police：若我看到有人违反社交距离规定，我会向警方举报 persuasion：为减少新冠病毒传播，政府政策应更多依靠劝导而非强制推行社交距离规则 need_punishment：除非以惩罚相威胁，否则人们不会遵守社交距离指引 certif_immunity：我支持官方联邦政府为已证明具备新冠免疫力的人群发放官方证书 mandatory_app：我支持要求所有智能手机运行一款可追踪个人行程，并在其与新冠感染者密切接触时发出提醒的应用程序 在新冠疫情持续期间： follow_distance_orders：……美国人需要遵守政府发布的社交距离指令，即便他们并不认同这些指令 prohibit_misinformtn：……政府应当有权禁止传播可能因广泛传播而危及民众的新冠疫情虚假信息 surveill_churches：……政府官员应当对教堂进行监督，确保其不会举办违反社交距离规定的礼拜活动 restrict_protests：……应当限制抗议政府行为的宪法权利 ban_firearms：……应当禁止枪支销售 ban_nonessentials：……应当禁止非必需品销售 close_abortion_clinics：……应当关闭堕胎诊所 govt_run_economy：……政府将需要通过决定商品生产种类与产量来管控经济 no_jury_trial：……增加病毒传播风险的违法行为，应由政府官员直接处罚，无需经过陪审团审判的权利 executive_rule：……国家、州与地方政府的首脑应当有权发布限制可能传播病毒活动的新指令，无需咨询立法机构（如美国国会或州议会） extra_punishment：……利用疫情实施的犯罪（如盗窃口罩），应当比正常情况下实施的同类犯罪受到更严厉的处罚 authority_to_experts：……公共卫生专家应当比民选政客拥有更多权威 mandatory_testing：……公共卫生部门应当对不愿接受检测的人群进行病毒检测，以获取其认为用于控制疫情所需的数据 ban_foreigners：……应当禁止外国公民进入美国 以下为"右翼威权主义、左翼威权主义与疫情防控威权主义"数据集的STATA分析代码示例： ### 多重插补示例：采用ACT量表中的保守主义分量表 仅保留final_dataset=1的有效样本： . mi set mlong . mi register imputed con_1_r con_2 con_3_r con_5 con_6_r （当前有8个m=0的观测被标记为缺失） . mi register regular con_4 . mi impute chained (regress) con_1_r con_2 con_3_r con_5 con_6_r = con_4, add(20) 为每个缺失值代入20次插补后的均值。 插补完成后： 各ACT分量表得分为其对应6个条目得分的均值。 右翼威权主义（RWA）得分为3个ACT分量表得分的均值。 左翼威权主义（LWA）得分为22个LWA指数量表条目的均值。 ### 分层回归分析示例： hireg rep_police (incm_reduced t_covid gender age afr_am) (lwa rwa) if final_dataset==1, r(beta) 其中，t_covid为各县新冠感染率（每10万居民确诊数）的零偏度对数变换值