Demographic and Health Survey 2014 - Egypt, Arab Rep.

Abstract
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The 2014 Egypt Demographic and Health Survey (2014 EDHS) is the tenth in a series of Demographic and Health Surveys conducted in Egypt. As with the prior surveys, the main objective of the 2014 EDHS is to provide up-to-date information on fertility and childhood mortality levels; fertility preferences; awareness, approval, and use of family planning methods; and maternal and child health and nutrition. The survey also covers several special topics including domestic violence and child labor and child disciplinary practices. All ever-married women age 15-49 who were usual members of the selected households and those who spent the night before the survey in the selected households were eligible to be interviewed in the survey. The sample for the 2014 EDHS was designed to provide estimates of population and health indicators including fertility and mortality rates for the country as a whole and for six major subdivisions (Urban Governorates, urban Lower Egypt, rural Lower Egypt, urban Upper Egypt, rural Upper Egypt, and the Frontier Governorates). Unlike earlier EDHS surveys, the sample for the 2014 EDHS was explicitly designed to allow for separate estimates of most key indicators at the governorate level.

Geographic coverage
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National coverage

Analysis unit
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- Household
- Individual
- Children age 1-17
- Woman age 15-49

Kind of data
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Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure
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The sample for the 2014 EDHS was designed to provide estimates of population and health indicators including fertility and mortality rates for the country as a whole and for six major subdivisions (Urban Governorates, urban Lower Egypt, rural Lower Egypt, urban Upper Egypt, rural Upper Egypt, and the Frontier Governorates). The sample also allows for estimates of most key indicators at the governorate level.

In order to allow for separate estimates for the major geographic subdivisions and the governorates, the number of households selected from each of the major subdivisions and each governorate was disproportionate to the size of the population in the units. Thus, the 2014 EDHS sample is not self-weighting at the national level.

A more detailed description of the 2014 EDHS sample design is included in Appendix B of the final report.

Mode of data collection
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Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument
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The 2014 EDHS involved two questionnaires: a household questionnaire and an individual questionnaire. The questionnaires were based on the model survey instruments developed by the MEASURE DHS Phase III project. Questions on a number of topics not covered in the DHS model questionnaires were also included in the 2014 EDHS questionnaires. In some cases, those items were drawn from the questionnaires used for earlier rounds of the DHS in Egypt. In other cases, the questions were intended to collect information on new topics recommended by data users.

The EDHS household questionnaire was used to enumerate all usual members of and visitors to the selected households and to collect information on the socioeconomic status of the households as well as on the nutritional status and anemia levels among women and children. The first part of the household questionnaire collected information on the age, sex, marital status, educational attainment, and relationship to the household head of each household member or visitor. These questions were included in order to provide basic demographic data for the EDHS households. They also served to identify the women who were eligible for the individual interview and the women and children who were eligible for anthropometric measurement and anemia testing. In the second part of the household questionnaire, there were questions on housing characteristics (e.g., the number of rooms, the flooring material, the source of water, and the type of toilet facilities) and on ownership of a variety of consumer goods. Special modules collecting information relating to child labor and discipline were also administered in the household questionnaire. Finally, the height and weight measurements and the results of anemia testing among women and children were recorded in the household questionnaire.

The individual questionnaire was administered to all ever-married women age 15-49 who were usual residents or who were present in the household during the night before the interviewer’s visit. It obtained information on the following topics: respondent’s background, reproduction, contraceptive knowledge and use, fertility preferences and attitudes about family planning, pregnancy and breastfeeding, child immunization and health, child nutrition, husband’s background, women’s work, and health care, Female circumcision, and HIV/AIDS and other sexually transmitted infections.

In addition, a domestic violence section was administered to women in the subsample of households selected for the anemia testing. One eligible woman was selected randomly from each of the households in the subsample to be asked the domestic violence section.

The individual questionnaire also included a monthly calendar covering the period between January 2009 and the interview. A history of the respondent’s marital, fertility, and contraceptive use status during each month in the period was recorded in the calendar. If the respondent reported discontinuing a segment of contraceptive use during a month, the main reason for the discontinuation was noted in the calendar.

Cleaning operations
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Office editing. Staff from the central office were responsible for collecting questionnaires from the teams as soon as interviewing in a cluster was completed. Limited office editing took place by office editors for consistency and completeness, and a few questions (e.g., occupation) were coded in the office prior to data entry. To provide feedback for the field teams, the office editors were instructed to note any problems detected while editing the questionnaires; the problems were reviewed by the senior staff and communicated to the field staff. If serious errors were found in one or more questionnaires from a cluster, the supervisor of the team working in that cluster was notified and advised of the steps to be taken to avoid these problems in the future.

Machine entry and editing. Machine entry and editing began while interviewing teams were still in the field. The data from the questionnaires were entered and edited on microcomputers using the Census and Survey Processing System (CSPro), a software package for entering, editing, tabulating, and disseminating data from censuses and surveys.

Fifteen data entry personnel used twelve microcomputers to process the 2014 EDHS survey data. During the data processing, questionnaires were entered twice and the entries were compared to detect and correct keying errors. The data processing staff completed the entry and editing of data by the end of July 2014.

Response rate
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A total of 29,471 households selected for the 2014 EDHS, 28,630 households were found. Among those households, 28,175 were successfully interviewed, which represents a response rate of 98.4 percent.

A total of 21,903 women were identified as eligible to be interviewed in 2014 EDHS. Out of these women 21,762 were successfully interviewed, which represents a response rate of 99.4 percent.

The household response rate exceeded 97 percent in all residential categories, and the response rate for eligible women exceeded 98 percent in all areas.

Sampling error estimates
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The estimates from a sample survey are affected by two types of errors: non-sampling errors and sampling errors. Non-sampling errors are the results of mistakes made in implementing data collection and data processing, such as failure to locate and interview the correct household, misunderstanding of the questions on the part of either the interviewer or the respondent, and data entry errors. Although numerous efforts were made during the implementation of the 2014 Egypt Demographic and Health Survey (2014 EDHS) to minimize this type of error, non-sampling errors are impossible to avoid and difficult to evaluate statistically.

Sampling errors, on the other hand, can be evaluated statistically. The sample of respondents selected in the 2014 EDHS is only one of many samples that could have been selected from the same population, using the same design and expected size. Each of these samples would yield results that differ somewhat from the results of the actual sample selected. Sampling errors are a measure of the variability between all possible samples. Although the degree of variability is not known exactly, it can be estimated from the survey results.

Sampling error is usually measured in terms of the standard error for a particular statistic (mean, percentage, etc.), which is the square root of the variance. The standard error can be used to calculate confidence intervals within which the true value for the population can reasonably be assumed to fall. For example, for any given statistic calculated from a sample survey, the value of that statistic will fall within a range of plus or minus two times the standard error of that statistic in 95 percent of all possible samples of identical size and design.

If the sample of respondents had been selected as a simple random sample, it would have been possible to use straightforward formulas for calculating sampling errors. However, the 2014 EDHS sample is the result of a multi-stage stratified design, and, consequently, it was necessary to use more complex formulae. Sampling errors are computed in either ISSA or SAS, using programs developed by ICF Macro. These programs use the Taylor linearization method of variance estimation for survey estimates that are means, proportions or ratios. The Jackknife repeated replication method is used for variance estimation of more complex statistics such as fertility and mortality rates.

The Taylor linearization method treats any percentage or average as a ratio estimate, r = y/x, where y represents the total sample value for variable y, and x represents the total number of cases in the group or subgroup under consideration.

Note: A more detailed description of estimate of sampling error is presented in APPENDIX C of the survey report.

Data appraisal
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Data Quality Tables
- Household age distribution
- Age distribution of eligible and interviewed women
- Completeness of reporting
- Births by calendar years
- Reporting of age at death in days
- Reporting of age at death in months
- Nutritional status of children based on the NCHS/CDC/WHO International Reference Population

Note: See detailed data quality tables in APPENDIX D of the report.

摘要
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2014年埃及人口与健康调查（2014年EDHS）是埃及进行的一系列人口与健康调查中的第十次。与前几次调查一样，2014年EDHS的主要目标是提供关于生育和儿童死亡率水平、生育偏好、家庭规划方法的认知、接受度和使用情况，以及母亲和儿童健康与营养的最新信息。调查还涵盖了若干特殊主题，包括家庭暴力、童工以及儿童纪律执行。所有曾经结婚且年龄在15至49岁之间、作为选定家庭的常规成员或在前一晚在选定家庭过夜的女性均有资格接受调查。2014年EDHS的样本设计旨在提供关于全国以及六个主要分区（城市省、上埃及城市、下埃及农村、上埃及农村、边境省）的人口和健康指标估计，包括生育率和死亡率。与之前的EDHS调查不同，2014年EDHS的样本设计明确允许对大多数关键指标在省级行政区进行单独估计。
地理覆盖范围
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全国覆盖
分析单位
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- 家庭
- 个人
- 1至17岁的儿童
- 15至49岁的女性
数据类型
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样本调查数据 [ssd]
抽样程序
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2014年EDHS的样本设计旨在提供关于全国以及六个主要分区的人口和健康指标估计，包括生育率和死亡率。样本还允许对大多数关键指标在省级行政区进行估计。为了允许对主要地理分区和省级行政区进行单独估计，从每个主要分区和每个省级行政区选定的家庭数量与这些单位的人口规模不成比例。因此，2014年EDHS的样本在国家层面上不是自加权。
更详细的2014年EDHS样本设计描述包含在最终报告的附录B中。
数据收集方式
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面对面 [f2f]
研究工具
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2014年EDHS涉及两个问卷：家庭问卷和个人问卷。问卷基于由MEASURE DHS第三阶段项目开发的模型调查工具。2014年EDHS问卷还包含了一些DHS模型问卷未涵盖的主题的问题。在某些情况下，这些条目来自之前埃及DHS各轮次使用的问卷。在其他情况下，这些问题旨在收集数据用户推荐的新主题的信息。
EDHS家庭问卷用于列出选定家庭的全部常规成员和访客，并收集有关家庭社会经济状况以及妇女和儿童的营养状况和贫血水平的信息。家庭问卷的第一部分收集了每个家庭成员或访客的年龄、性别、婚姻状况、教育程度以及与户主的关系等信息。这些问题被纳入是为了为EDHS家庭提供基本的人口统计数据。它们还用于确定有资格接受个人访谈的妇女以及有资格接受人体测量和贫血检测的妇女和儿童。家庭问卷的第二部分包含有关住房特征（例如，房间数量、地板材料、水源和卫生设施类型）以及各种消费品所有权的问题。家庭问卷还包括收集与童工和纪律执行相关的信息模块。最后，在家庭问卷中记录了妇女和儿童的身高和体重测量以及贫血检测的结果。
个人问卷针对所有曾经结婚且年龄在15至49岁之间、在前一晚受访者访问时为居住者或出现在家庭中的女性进行。它获取以下主题的信息：受访者的背景、生殖、避孕知识和使用情况、生育偏好和对家庭规划的态度、怀孕和母乳喂养、儿童免疫和健康、儿童营养、丈夫的背景、妇女的工作和医疗保健、女性割礼以及HIV/AIDS和其他性传播感染。
此外，对贫血检测所选家庭子样本中的女性进行了家庭暴力部分。从子样本中的每个家庭随机选择一名有资格的女性回答家庭暴力部分。
个人问卷还包括涵盖2009年1月至访谈期间的时间段的月度日历。在日历中记录了受访者在此期间每月的婚姻、生育和避孕使用状况的历史。
清洗操作
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办公室编辑。中央办公室的工作人员负责在选定簇的采访完成时尽快收集问卷。办公室编辑进行了有限的编辑，以确保一致性和完整性，并在数据录入之前对一些问题（例如，职业）进行编码。为了为现场团队提供反馈，办公室编辑被指示在编辑问卷时注意任何发现的问题；这些问题由高级工作人员审查，并传达给现场工作人员。如果在簇中一个或多个问卷中发现了严重错误，该簇的工作团队负责人将被通知并建议采取措施防止未来出现这些问题。
机器录入和编辑。在采访团队仍在现场时就开始了机器录入和编辑。使用人口普查和调查处理系统（CSPro）——一种用于录入、编辑、制表和传播人口普查和调查数据的软件包——在微计算机上录入和编辑了问卷数据。
十五名数据录入人员使用十二台微计算机处理了2014年EDHS调查数据。在数据处理过程中，问卷被录入两次，并将录入的内容进行比较，以检测和纠正键入错误。数据处理人员于2014年7月底完成了数据录入和编辑。
响应率
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2014年EDHS选定的29,471个家庭中，发现了28,630个家庭。在这些家庭中，有28,175个家庭成功接受访谈，这代表了98.4%的响应率。
2014年EDHS中有21,903名女性被确定为有资格接受访谈。在这些女性中，有21,762人成功接受访谈，这代表了99.4%的响应率。
所有居住类别中的家庭响应率均超过97%，所有地区有资格的妇女响应率均超过98%。
抽样误差估计
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样本调查的估计受到两种类型的误差的影响：非抽样误差和抽样误差。非抽样误差是由于在实施数据收集和数据处理过程中出现的错误而产生的结果，例如未能找到和采访正确的家庭、采访者或受访者对问题的误解，以及数据录入错误。尽管在实施2014年埃及人口与健康调查（2014年EDHS）期间做出了大量努力以最大限度地减少此类误差，但非抽样误差是无法避免且难以从统计上进行评估的。
另一方面，抽样误差可以通过统计方法进行评估。2014年EDHS中选定的受访者样本只是从同一人口中可能选出的许多样本之一，使用相同的设计和预期规模。这些样本中的每一个都会产生与实际选定的样本结果略有不同的结果。抽样误差是衡量所有可能样本之间差异的指标。虽然差异的程度并不完全清楚，但可以从调查结果中估计出来。
抽样误差通常以特定统计量（平均值、百分比等）的标准误差来衡量，它是方差的平方根。标准误差可以用来计算置信区间，其中可以合理地假设总体真实值将落在该区间内。例如，对于从样本调查中计算出的任何给定统计量，该统计量的值将在95%的所有可能样本中落在该统计量的标准误差的两倍范围内。
如果受访者样本被选为简单随机样本，则可以使用简单的公式来计算抽样误差。然而，2014年EDHS样本是多层分层设计的产物，因此有必要使用更复杂的公式。抽样误差使用ICF Macro开发的程序在ISSA或SAS中进行计算。这些程序使用泰勒线性化方法进行方差估计，以对调查估计的均值、比例或比率进行估计。对于更复杂的统计量，如生育率和死亡率，使用Jackknife重复复制方法进行方差估计。
泰勒线性化方法将任何百分比或平均值视为比例估计，r = y/x，其中y代表变量y的总体样本值，x代表考虑的组或子组中的总案例数。
注：关于抽样误差估计的更详细描述见调查报告的附录C。
数据评估
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数据质量表
- 家庭年龄分布
- 有资格和接受访谈的妇女的年龄分布
- 报告的完整性
- 按日历年出生
- 死亡年龄报告（按天数）
- 死亡年龄报告（按月份）
- 基于NCHS/CDC/WHO国际参考人群的儿童营养状况
注：请参阅报告附录D中的详细数据质量表。