GLMM regression of annual per-patient HIV treatment costs against distal cost determinants, with three model specifications.†

†HIV treatment costs represent economic costs of site-level service delivery in 2010 US dollars, excluding ARVs and national/regional overhead costs. P-values represent two-sided test for difference from zero, '***'denotes p‡Distal determinants include health system level (primary vs. secondary vs. tertiary), location (urban vs. non-urban), and type of administration (government vs. NGO/FBO).