Model training accuracy.

Under the increasing pressure of global climate change, water conservation (WC) in semi-arid regions is experiencing unprecedented levels of stress. WC involves complex, nonlinear interactions among ecosystem components like vegetation, soil structure, and topography, complicating research. This study introduces a novel approach combining InVEST modeling, spatiotemporal transfer of Water Conservation Reserves (WCR), and deep learning to uncover regional WC patterns and driving mechanisms. The InVEST model evaluates Xiong’an New Area’s WC characteristics from 2000 to 2020, showing a 74% average increase in WC depth with an inverted “V” spatial distribution. Spatiotemporal analysis identifies temporal changes, spatial patterns of WCR and land use, and key protection areas, revealing that the WCR in Xiong’an New Area primarily shifts from the lowest WCR areas to lower WCR areas. The potential enhancement areas of WCR are concentrated in the northern region. Deep learning quantifies data complexity, highlighting critical factors like land use, precipitation, and drought influencing WC. This detailed approach enables the development of personalized WC zones and strategies, offering new insights into managing complex spatial and temporal WC data.