Data and codes to replicate the analysis in: The spatial ecology of conflicts: Unravelling patterns of wildlife damage at multiple scales

Human encroachment into natural habitats is typically followed by conflicts derived from wildlife damages to agriculture and livestock. Spatial risk modelling is a useful tool to gain understanding of wildlife damage and mitigate conflicts. Although resource selection is a hierarchical process operating at multiple scales, risk models usually fail to address more than one scale, which can result in the misidentification of the underlying processes. Here, we addressed the multi-scale nature of wildlife damage occurrence by considering ecological and management correlates interacting from household to landscape scales. We studied brown bear (Ursus arctos) damage to apiaries in the North-eastern Carpathians as our model system. Using generalized additive models, we found that brown bear tendency to avoid humans and the habitat preferences of bears and beekeepers determine the risk of bear damage at multiple scales. Damage risk at fine scales increased when the broad landscape context also ...人类对自然栖息地的侵占通常会引发野生动物损毁农业与家畜所导致的人兽冲突。空间风险建模（Spatial risk modelling）是解析野生动物损害、缓解人兽冲突的有效工具。尽管资源选择是多尺度下的层级性过程，但现有风险模型通常仅能覆盖单一尺度，这可能导致对核心作用过程的误判。本研究通过考量家域至景观尺度间交互作用的生态与管理关联因子，解析了野生动物损害发生的多尺度本质。我们以喀尔巴阡山脉东北部的棕熊（Ursus arctos）损毁养蜂场事件作为本研究的模式系统。借助广义加性模型（generalized additive models），我们发现棕熊的避人行为倾向，以及棕熊与养蜂人的栖息地偏好，共同决定了多尺度下的棕熊损害风险。当大尺度景观背景亦……时，细尺度下的损害风险会升高。