A Century with Foot-and-Mouth Disease: Assessing the Continual Threat to African Livestock 1924 – 2024

Foot and mouth disease remains one of the most significant constraints on livestock production and rural livelihoods in Africa. This systematic review examined one hundred years of evidence to understand the factors that sustain transmission and to assess the effectiveness of diagnostics, vaccination strategies, and governance structures. The objective was to provide a comprehensive synthesis of how foot and mouth disease continues to affect animal health, household welfare, and national economies through this systematic review.口蹄疫（Foot and mouth disease）仍是制约非洲畜牧生产与农村生计的最关键制约因素之一。本系统综述（systematic review）梳理了近百年的相关研究证据，旨在明确维持口蹄疫传播的核心影响因素，并评估诊断方法、疫苗接种策略以及治理架构的实施成效。本项系统综述的核心目标，是全面总结口蹄疫持续对动物健康、家庭福祉以及国民经济造成的影响。