2016 SoE Marine Chapter - Pressures - Climate Change - Ocean salinity

The Marine chapter of the 2016 State of the Environment (SoE) report incorporates multiple expert templates developed from streams of marine data. This metadata record describes the Expert Assessment "Pressures on the marine environment associated with climate change - oceanic dissolved oxygen and oxygen minimum zones in shelf and offshore regions". The full Expert Assessment, including figures and tables (where provided), is attached to this record. Where available, the Data Stream(s) used to generate this Expert Assessment are accessible through the "On-line Resources" section of this record.----------------------------------------DESCRIPTION OF THE PRESSURESurface ocean salinity is largely reflective of the exchange of freshwater with the atmosphere, with areas of high surface salinity found in regions where evaporation exceeds precipitation. Subduction of water from the ocean surface to the oceans interior transports surface salinity, resulting in salinity distributions of the oceans interior also reflecting surface rates of evaporation and precipitation. Melting and freezing of sea ice and glaciers also contributes to ocean salinity. Changes to salinity that may be driven by climate change have the potential to affect ocean circulation and stratification and contribute to sea level change.DATA STREAM(S) USED IN EXPERT ASSESSMENTPublished papers and reports on ocean salinity and climate change. Details of the specific data sets used to generate this assessment have not been provided.----------------------------------------2016 SOE ASSESSMENT SUMMARY [see attached Expert Assessment for full details]• 2016 •Assessment grade: Low impactAssessment trend: DeterioratingConfidence grade: Adequate high quality evidence or high level of consensusConfidence trend: Adequate high quality evidence or high level of consensusComparability: Grade and trend are not comparable to the 2011 assessment• 2011 •Assessment grade: Very goodAssessment trend: StableConfidence grade: Limited evidence or limited consensusConfidence trend: Limited evidence or limited consensus----------------------------------------CHANGES SINCE 2011 SOE ASSESSMENTOcean salinity was assessed under state and trends of physical and chemical processes and discussed in the text in terms of the pressure climate change.

《2016年环境状况（State of the Environment, SoE）报告》海洋章节整合了多套基于海洋数据流开发的专家模板。本元数据记录（metadata record）针对"气候变化引发的海洋环境压力——陆架与近岸海域的海洋溶解氧（dissolved oxygen）及氧最小值区（oxygen minimum zones）"专家评估（Expert Assessment）进行说明。本记录附件包含完整的专家评估报告（含已提供的图表与表格）。若有可用数据，用于生成本专家评估的数据流可通过本记录的"在线资源（On-line Resources）"板块获取。
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压力说明
海洋表层盐度在很大程度上反映了淡水与大气的交换过程：蒸发量大于降水量的区域会出现表层盐度偏高的现象。海水从表层向海洋内部的俯冲输送会带动表层盐度，使得海洋内部的盐度分布同样反映表层蒸发与降水的速率。海冰与冰川的融化和冻结同样会影响海洋盐度。气候变化驱动的盐度变化，可能会对海洋环流与层化产生影响，并加剧海平面变化。
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本专家评估所用数据流
本专家评估所依托的已发表文献与报告均围绕海洋盐度与气候变化展开。目前未提供用于生成本评估的具体数据集细节。
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2016年SoE评估摘要【完整详情请参阅附件中的专家评估报告】
• 2016年
评估等级：低影响
评估趋势：恶化
置信等级：具备充分高质量证据或高度共识
置信趋势：具备充分高质量证据或高度共识
可比性：本次评估的等级与趋势无法与2011年评估结果对标
• 2011年
评估等级：极佳
评估趋势：稳定
置信等级：证据有限或共识不足
置信趋势：证据有限或共识不足
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2011年SoE评估以来的变化
本次评估围绕物理与化学过程的状态及趋势对海洋盐度进行了分析，并在正文中将其归类为气候变化带来的压力因子。