16S rRNA sequencing of feces from Sprague-Dawley rats

Sprague-Dawley rats are randomly divided into seven groups: the Sham group, the UUO group (with subgroups at 2 days (Group A), 7 days (Group B), and 14 days (Group C)), and Clostridium butyricum pretreatment + UUO group (with subgroups at 2 days (Group YA), 7 days (Group YB), and 14 days (Group YC)), with three rats in each group. In the Sham group, a laparotomy is performed to expose the left kidney, without ligation of the ureter. In the UUO group, in addition to the exposure of the left kidney, the left ureter is ligated using silk sutures to establish a unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) model. In the Clostridium butyricum pretreatment + UUO group, a 14-day oral gavage pretreatment is administered to the experimental animals prior to surgery, at a dose of 1 mL and a bacterial concentration of 109 CFU/mL.