Impact-generated magnetite in Chang’e-5 soil as a potential recorder of the lunar dynamo

Fe L2,3- and Ni L2,3-edge XAS spectra for magnetite (Mag), pentlandite (Pn), troilite (Tro), plagioclase (Pl), and olivine (Ol). Fe L2,3-edge XAS spectra for magnetite with X-ray helicity parallel (µ+) and antiparallel (µ-) to a 0.6 T field. Corresponding XMCD spectrum, dominated by Fe2+ at octahedral sites and showing subdued Fe3+ features. Representative STEM-EDXS spectra from ROI-1 and ROI-2 microregions showing a lower Fe/O ratio in the darker relative to the host domain, Fe-richer region.