DataSheet_1_A survey of Fusarium species and ADON genotype on Canadian wheat grain.docx

IntroductionWheat is a staple food that is important to global food security, but in epidemic years, fungal pathogens can threaten production, quality, and safety of wheat grain. Globally, one of the most important fungal diseases of wheat is Fusarium head blight (FHB). This disease can be caused by several different Fusarium species with known differences in aggressiveness and mycotoxin-production potential, with the trichothecene toxin deoxynivalenol (DON) and its derivatives being of particular concern. In North America, the most predominant species causing FHB is F. graminearum, which has two distinct sub-populations that are commonly classified into two main chemotypes/genotypes based on their propensity to form trichothecene derivatives, namely 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol (15-ADON) and 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol (3-ADON).Materials and methodsWe used a panel of 13 DNA markers to perform species and ADON genotype identification for 55, 444 wheat kernels from 7, 783 samples originating from across Canada from 2014 to 2020.Results and discussionBased on single-seed analyses, we demonstrate the relationships between Fusarium species and trichothecene chemotype with sample year, sample location, wheat species (hexaploid and durum wheat), severity of Fusarium damaged kernels (FDK), and accumulation of DON. Results indicate that various Fusarium species are present across wheat growing regions in Canada; however, F. graminearum is the most common species and 3-ADON the most common genotype. We observed an increase in the occurrence of the 3-ADON genotype, particularly in the western Prairie regions. Our data provides important information on special-temporal trends in Fusarium species and chemotypes that can aid with the implementation of integrated disease management strategies to control the detrimental effects of this devastating disease.

小麦作为一种全球粮食安全的重要主食，其在疫病年份容易受到真菌病原体的威胁，进而影响小麦籽粒的生产、品质与安全性。在全球范围内，小麦的重要真菌病害之一即为纹枯病（FHB）。该疾病可由多种不同种类的镰刀菌引起，这些镰刀菌在侵袭性和毒素产生潜力方面存在已知差异，其中三萜毒素脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇（DON）及其衍生物尤为令人关注。在北美地区，引起FHB最常见的病原菌为禾谷镰刀菌（F. graminearum），该菌具有两个不同的亚种群，通常根据其形成三萜衍生物的倾向性，即15-乙酰脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇（15-ADON）和3-乙酰脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇（3-ADON），被分为两种主要的化学型/基因型。在材料与方法部分，我们采用13个DNA标记对来自加拿大各地2014年至2020年收集的7,783个样本中的55,444粒小麦籽粒进行了物种和ADON基因型的鉴定。在结果与讨论部分，基于单粒种子分析，我们展示了镰刀菌物种与三萜化学型之间的关系，包括样本年份、样本地点、小麦种类（六倍体和硬粒小麦）、镰刀菌受损籽粒（FDK）的严重程度以及DON的积累。结果显示，加拿大小麦种植区域普遍存在多种镰刀菌；然而，禾谷镰刀菌最为常见，3-ADON基因型最为普遍。我们观察到3-ADON基因型在西部大草原地区的发生频率有所增加。我们的数据为镰刀菌物种和化学型的特殊时间趋势提供了重要信息，有助于实施综合病害管理策略，以控制这种毁灭性病害的不利影响。