Data from: Quantifying temporal isolation: a modelling approach assessing the effect of flowering time differences on crop-to-weed pollen flow in sunflower

Flowering time divergence can be a crucial component of reproductive isolation between sympatric populations but few studies have quantified its actual contribution to the reduction of gene flow. In this study, we aimed at estimating pollen-mediated gene flow between cultivated sunflower and a weedy conspecific sunflower population growing in the same field, and at quantifying how it is affected by the weeds’ flowering time. For that purpose, we extended an existing mating model by including a temporal distance (i.e. flowering time difference between potential parents) effect on mating probabilities. Using phenological and genotypic data gathered on the crop and on a sample of the weedy population and its offspring, we estimated an average hybridization rate of approximately 10%. This rate varied strongly from 30% on average for weeds flowering at the crop flowering peak to 0% when the crop finished flowering, and was affected by the local density of weeds. Our result also suggested the occurrence of other factors limiting crop-to-weed gene flow. This level of gene flow and its dependence on flowering time might influence the evolutionary fate of weedy sunflower populations sympatric to their crop relative.开花时间分化（Flowering time divergence）可能是同域种群间生殖隔离的关键组成部分，但鲜有研究量化其对基因流降低的实际贡献。本研究旨在估算同田块中栽培向日葵与杂草型同种种群间的花粉介导基因流，并量化杂草开花时间对该基因流的影响。为此，我们扩展了现有交配模型，将时间距离（即潜在亲本间的开花时间差异）对交配概率的效应纳入其中。利用采集自栽培群体、杂草种群样本及其子代的物候与基因型数据，我们估算得到平均杂交率约为10%。该杂交率差异显著：在作物开花盛期开花的杂草群体平均杂交率可达30%，而在作物花期结束后开花的杂草群体杂交率则为0%，且杂交率受杂草本地密度影响。本研究结果还暗示存在其他限制作物向杂草基因流的因素。这一基因流水平及其对开花时间的依赖性，可能会影响与栽培作物同域分布的杂草型向日葵种群的进化命运。