Primary Energy Demand - PET Bottles

Life Cycle Assessment of beverages in single-use PET bottles using the NREL-maintained US LCI database for the core of the model (polymer production, energy and fuel cycle, combustion). The bar graph indicates the breakdown of energy usage associated with delivering beverages packaged in injection stretch blow molded polyethylene terephthalate (PET) to consumers in California. The functional unit of this analysis is 1 kg of PET resin used in beverage bottles. The model also includes 0.14 kg of polypropylene (PP) resin, required by the product system for caps and labels. The product system delivers 27.9 L of beverage to California consumers, and results in 0.56 kg of secondary (post-recycled) PET resin that can be used to make new bottles or for other purposes. One kg of PET resin is sufficient to contain 27.9 L of beverages, assuming a typical beverage market mix of 60% bottled water, 16% carbonated soft drinks, and 24% juice / sports and other drinks. In California in 2009, 73% of PET bottles in the state's deposit program ("CA CRV") were recycled and 27% were disposed in landfills. The graph depicts this mix (ie. energy requirements reported for materials recovery and reclamation are associated with recovering 0.73 kg of PET bottles). The model excludes production of capital equipment such as factories, vehicles, and machinery; infrastructure such as power plants, fossil fuel extraction equipment, pipelines, roads, and electric grids; land use and water use; and direct human activity. The analysis omits polymer resin additives, inks, dyes, and adhesives; building and administrative overhead; production of the beverage itself; and retail / marketing. The data are from a report to the California Department of Toxic Substances Control, presently under review. Publication in the literature is forthcoming.基于美国国家可再生能源实验室（NREL）维护的美国生命周期清单（US LCI）数据库构建模型核心，针对一次性聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯（PET）瓶装饮料开展生命周期评估（LCA），覆盖聚合物生产、能源与燃料循环、燃烧等环节。该柱状图展示了经注拉吹成型的PET包装饮料运往加州消费者过程中对应的能源消耗细分情况。本次分析的功能单位为饮料瓶所用的1千克PET树脂。模型同时纳入了产品系统用于瓶盖和标签的0.14千克聚丙烯（PP）树脂。本产品系统向加州消费者交付27.9升饮料，并可产生0.56千克可用于制造新瓶或其他用途的二次（回收后）PET树脂。假设饮料市场结构为60%瓶装水、16%碳酸软饮料以及24%果汁/运动饮料及其他饮品，则1千克PET树脂可灌装27.9升饮料。2009年加州的押金返还计划（CA CRV）中，该州73%的PET瓶被回收利用，剩余27%被送入填埋场处置。本图表即对应这一回收场景，即材料回收与再利用环节的能源需求对应0.73千克PET瓶的回收量。本模型未纳入以下环节：工厂、车辆及机械等资本设备的生产，发电厂、化石燃料开采设备、管道、道路与电网等基础设施，土地利用与水资源消耗，以及直接人类活动相关内容。本次分析未覆盖聚合物树脂添加剂、油墨、染料与胶粘剂，建筑与行政运营成本，饮料本身的生产，以及零售/营销环节。本数据集源自提交给加州有毒物质控制局（California Department of Toxic Substances Control）的一份尚在审核中的报告，相关学术成果即将发表。