Hunting to extinction: biology and regional economy influence extinction risk and the impact of hunting in artiodactyls

Half of all artiodactyls (even-toed hoofed mammals) are threatened with extinction, around double the mammalian average. Here, using a complete species-level phylogeny, we construct a multivariate model to assess for the first time which intrinsic (biological) and extrinsic (anthropogenic and environmental) factors influence variation in extinction risk in artiodactyls. Globally artiodactyls at greatest risk live in economically less developed areas, have older weaning ages and smaller geographical ranges. Our findings suggest that identifying predictors of threat is complicated by interactions between both biological and anthropogenic factors, resulting in differential responses to threatening processes. Artiodactyl species that experience unregulated hunting live in significantly less economically developed areas than those that are not hunted; however, hunted species are more susceptible to extinction if they have slower reproductive rates (older weaning ages). In contrast, risk in ..., Price and Gittleman Data SetPriceGittleman_2007_append.xls全球有半数的偶蹄目（Artiodactyls，趾具偶数蹄的哺乳动物）物种面临灭绝威胁，该比例约为哺乳动物平均水平的两倍。本研究依托完整的物种级系统发育树，构建多变量模型，首次探究了内在（生物学）与外在（人为及环境）因素对偶蹄目物种灭绝风险差异的影响。全球范围内，灭绝风险最高的偶蹄目物种多栖息于经济欠发达区域，且断奶年龄更晚、地理分布范围更小。研究结果表明，生物学因素与人为因素间的交互作用使得威胁预测因子的识别更为复杂，进而导致不同类群对威胁过程的响应存在差异。例如，遭受无管制狩猎的偶蹄目物种，其栖息区域的经济发展水平显著低于未受狩猎影响的物种；但若狩猎物种的繁殖速率较慢（断奶年龄更晚），其灭绝易感性则会进一步升高。与之相对，…… Price and Gittleman Data SetPriceGittleman_2007_append.xls