Data from: Soil management shapes ecosystem service provision and trade-offs in agricultural landscapes

Agroecosystems are principally managed to maximize food provisioning even if they receive a large array of supporting and regulating ecosystem services (ESs). Hence, comprehensive studies investigating the effects of local management and landscape composition on the provision of and trade-offs between multiple ESs are urgently needed. We explored the effects of conservation tillage, nitrogen fertilization and landscape composition on six ESs (crop production, disease control, soil fertility, water quality regulation, weed and pest control) in winter cereals. Conservation tillage enhanced soil fertility and pest control, decreased water quality regulation and weed control, without affecting crop production and disease control. Fertilization only influenced crop production by increasing grain yield. Landscape intensification reduced the provision of disease and pest control. We also found tillage and landscape composition to interactively affect water quality regulation and weed control. Under N fertilization, conventional tillage resulted in more trade-offs between ESs than conservation tillage. Our results demonstrate that soil management and landscape composition affect the provision of several ESs and that soil management potentially shapes the trade-offs between them农业生态系统（Agroecosystems）通常以最大化粮食供给为核心目标，即便其可获得大量支持与调节型生态系统服务（Ecosystem Services，ESs）。因此，亟需开展综合研究，以探究本地管理与景观格局对多种生态系统服务供给及其相互权衡关系的影响。本研究以冬谷类作物（winter cereals）为研究对象，探究了保护性耕作（conservation tillage）、氮肥施用（nitrogen fertilization）以及景观格局对6项生态系统服务的影响，涵盖作物生产、病害防控、土壤肥力、水质调控、杂草防控与虫害防控。保护性耕作可提升土壤肥力与虫害防控能力，却会降低水质调控与杂草防控效果，且对作物生产与病害防控无显著影响。氮肥施用仅通过提升籽粒产量对作物生产产生影响。景观集约化会削弱病害与虫害防控服务的供给水平。本研究同时发现，耕作方式与景观格局会对水质调控与杂草防控产生交互影响。在氮肥施用条件下，常规耕作（conventional tillage）相较于保护性耕作，会引发更多生态系统服务间的权衡关系。本研究结果表明，土壤管理措施与景观格局会影响多项生态系统服务的供给，且土壤管理措施或可塑造各服务间的权衡关系。