Supporting dataset for Additive Manufacturing of Micro Photon Sources

Microscale photon sources refers to devices or structures that enable generation and manipulation of photons (the fundamental particle of light) at the microscale , which enables diverse applications such as data communication, sensing and imaging, quantum technologies due to its outstanding miniaturization and integration capabilities. Their versatility and efficiency make them vital components in advanced photonic and electronic circuits.Fluorescence labels composed of luminescent materials can be regarded as photon sources because it can emit photons when excited by an external light source. Light emitting diode (LED) is also a good example of photon sources, which can generate photons by releasing the recombination energy when injected by electric current. However, when it comes to downsizing these devices or structures to microscale, individual pixel level, most of the developed method that relied on complicated, costly lithography would be inadequate in terms of resolution, materials choice, freeform shaping capability, etc.To solve the abovementioned issues, this thesis introduces the novel strategy on additive manufacturing of microscale photon sources by means of nano-ink printing techniques. The kernel idea is to exploit ultrasmall-volume inks in the form of a meniscus or a droplet formed by a printing nozzle with a micron-sized aperture. Assisted by programmable solvent engineering, our approach can fabricate micro-or nano luminescent architectures with diverse materials choices, as microscale photon sources demonstrating optical anticounterfeiting functionalities.First, we developed vertically stacked, luminescent heterojunction micropixels that construct high-resolution, multiplexed anticounterfeiting labels. This is enabled by meniscus-guided three-dimensional (3D) microprinting of red, green, and blue (RGB) dye-doped materials. High-precision vertical stacking of subpixel segments achieves full-color pixels without sacrificing lateral resolution, achieving a small pixel size of∼μm and a high density of over 13,000 pixels per inch. Furthermore, a full-scale color synthesis for individual pixels is developed by modulating the lengths of the RGB subpixels. Taking advantage of these unique 3D structural designs, trichannel multiplexed anticounterfeiting Quick Response codes are successfully demonstrated.Second, we developed a direct electrohydrodynamic 3D printing that produces freestanding inorganic perovskite sub-microlasers with tailored dimensions and locations. The printed nanowires exhibited vertically aligned feature polycrystalline nature and well-defined diameter and length by changing printing parameters and applying solvent engineering. The resulting structures successfully showed a two-photon pumped Fabry–Pérot mode lasing with excellent lasing performance (Pth: 2.98 µJ/cm2, Q factor: 2700), which was thoroughly investigated, and our on-demand printing method provides the simplest route to tune the lasing characteristics such as lasing threshold and mode spacing to date, by adjusting the printed nanowire length. In this work, we utilized the length-dependent-lasing in the printed arrays to configure multi-level anticounterfeiting labels.Lastly, we expect these works can give inspiration and pave the flexible, cost-effective way for additive manufacturing of integrated photonic devices. Apart from the photoluminescence-induced demonstrations, they can be extended to microscale electroluminescent displays by integrating diverse materials, thanks to the flexibility and precision of the technique.

微尺度光子源指能够实现光子（光的基本粒子）在微尺度下的生成与操控的装置或结构，因其卓越的微型化和集成能力，其在数据通信、传感与成像、量子技术等领域具有广泛的应用前景。其多功能性与高效性使其成为高级光子与电子电路中的关键组件。由发光材料组成的荧光标签可视为光子源，因其在外部光源激发下能够发射光子。发光二极管（LED）亦是光子源的良好实例，通过注入电流释放复合能量从而产生光子。然而，在将此类装置或结构缩小至微尺度、单个像素级别时，大部分依赖于复杂、昂贵的光刻技术的方法在分辨率、材料选择、自由形状塑造能力等方面均显不足。为解决上述问题，本论文引入了一种基于纳米墨水打印技术的微尺度光子源增材制造的新策略。其核心思想是利用微米级孔径打印喷嘴形成的弯月面或液滴状的超小体积墨水。借助可编程溶剂工程，我们的方法能够制造出具有多样材料选择的微米或纳米发光结构，作为具备光学防伪功能的光子源。首先，我们开发了垂直堆叠的发光异质结微像素，构建了高分辨率、复用防伪标签。这是通过红色、绿色和蓝色（RGB）染料掺杂材料的弯月面引导三维（3D）微打印实现的。通过子像素段的高精度垂直堆叠，实现了不牺牲横向分辨率的全色像素，实现了约μm的小像素尺寸和每英寸超过13,000像素的高密度。此外，通过调节RGB子像素的长度，开发了针对单个像素的全光谱合成。利用这些独特的3D结构设计，成功展示了三通道复用防伪二维码。其次，我们开发了一种直接电泳动力3D打印技术，可生产具有定制尺寸和位置的独立无机钙钛矿亚微米激光器。通过改变打印参数和应用溶剂工程，打印的纳米线表现出垂直排列的多晶特性以及明确的直径和长度。所得结构成功展示了双光子泵浦的Fabry-Pérot模式激光，具有优异的激光性能（Pth: 2.98 µJ/cm²，Q因子: 2700），进行了全面的研究，我们的按需打印方法通过调整打印纳米线的长度，为迄今为止调整激光特性（如激光阈值和模式间隔）提供了最简单的途径。在本工作中，我们利用打印阵列中长度依赖的激光来配置多级防伪标签。最后，我们期望这些工作可以为集成光子器件的增材制造提供灵感和开辟灵活、经济的途径。除了光致发光引起的演示外，得益于技术的灵活性和精度，它们还可以扩展到微尺度电致发光显示器，通过整合多种材料实现。