Production of L-carnitine-enriched edible filamentous fungal biomass through submerged cultivation

The edible filamentous fungi are hot candidate for future supply of functional food and feed with e.g. protein, essential amino acids, and compounds with immunostimulant activity. L-carnitine that plays a crucial role in energy metabolism represents a functional compound normally produced by Zygomycetes filamentous fungus <i>Rhizopus oligosporus</i> in solid-state fermentation. The present study provides the first insights on production of L-carnitine-enriched edible fungal biomass through submerged cultivation of several Ascomycetes and Zygomycetes including <i>Aspergillus oryzae</i>, <i>Neurospora intermedia</i>, <i>Rhizopus oryzae</i>, and <i>Rhizopus oligosporus</i>. <i>A. oryzae</i> with 3 mg L-carnitine yield per gram of fungal biomass, indicates great potential on production of this bioactive compound which is remarkably higher than the other tested fungi in this work and also previous studies. In addition to fungal strain, other factors such as cultivation time and presence of yeast extract were found to play a role. Further studies on submerged growth optimization of <i>A</i>. <i>oryzae</i> in both high-quality recipes and in medium based on low-value substrates are proposed in order to clarify its potential for production of L-carnitine-enriched fungal biomass.