Associative Field of the Concept Ворог (Enemy) within the Period of the Russian-Ukrainian War

The values the society is guided by are reflected in the lingual picture of the world, which undergoes changes when influenced by the reality of the present time which are in the spotlight of the mass media and social media. The goal of this study is to investigate on the basis of the directed associative experiment the associative field of the concept ворог, which is important for Ukrainians, in the conditions of the current Russian-Ukrainian war. The experimental part was conducted on the basis of Google Forms in the form of a survey of 630 respondents who were the students of the Lviv Polytechnic National University. In the process of the research the collected material was systematized and analysed with the method of componential analysis and the method of summarizing dictionary definitions. On the basis of the comparative and descriptive method the lexicographic description of the lexeme ворог was compared with its semantic and associative meanings, the priority meaning of the concept ворог was determined, that being “military adversary”, “enemy on the battlefield”. The experiment produced 643 reaction words, which determined the structure of the associative field under research: the core makes up 76%, the close periphery – 16%, and the distant one – 8%. Six main thematic groups of the associative field of the stimulus ворог are singled out, which reflect various aspects of the new reality of life: names of persons (79.63%), names of the occupying country (9.33%), names of feelings, sensations, mental state of a person (6.22%), names of objectified actions, states, processes (3.73%), names of substances and materials (0.78%), names of objects (0.31%). It was revealed that the structure of the concept ворог is formed by six interconnected components: cognitive, emotional, political, cultural, social and historical ones. The experiment confirmed that during the modern war there was a shift in the image of enemy from a generalized and abstract one to a clearly specified, real russian enemy-aggressor participating in hostilities against Ukraine.

社会所遵循的价值观念，映射于其语言构建的世界图景之中；而这一图景会因当下受大众媒体与社交媒体聚焦的现实环境影响而发生变迁。本研究旨在以定向联想实验为基础，探究当前俄乌战争背景下对乌克兰民众具有重要意义的概念 敌人（ворог）的联想场域。实验部分依托谷歌表单（Google Forms）开展，共招募630名利沃夫国立理工大学的学生作为调查受访者。研究过程中，研究人员采用成分分析法与词典释义归纳法，对收集到的研究材料进行系统化整理与分析。本研究采用比较与描述性研究方法，将词位 敌人（ворог）的词典学释义与其语义及联想含义进行比对，最终确定该概念的核心含义为“军事对手”“战场敌人”。本次实验共收集到643个联想反应词，据此明确了本次研究的联想场域结构：核心区占比76%，近边缘区占比16%，远边缘区占比8%。针对刺激词 敌人（ворог）的联想场域，本研究共划分出六大核心主题群组，其映射了当下全新生活现实的多个维度：人物称谓（79.63%）、占领国名称（9.33%）、个人情感、感知与心理状态（6.22%）、具象化的行为、状态与过程（3.73%）、物质与材料名称（0.78%）、物品名称（0.31%）。研究还揭示，概念 敌人（ворог）的结构由六大相互关联的维度构成：认知维度、情感维度、政治维度、文化维度、社会维度与历史维度。实验结果证实，在本次现代战争中，“敌人”的意象已从泛化、抽象的形象，转变为具体且真实的、参与对乌克兰军事行动的俄罗斯侵略方形象。