The origin and morphological character evolution of the paleotropical woody bamboos

A total of 208 samples were sampled, Genomic DNA was extracted using a modified cetyl trimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) approach. We using single nucleotide polymorphisms retrieved from optimized double digest restriction site associated DNA sequencing (MiddRAD‐seq), and explored the evolutionary trends of habit, inflorescence, and caryopsis type in relation to environmental factors including climate, soil, and topography.The MiddRAD‐seq library was prepared using the AvaII and MspI restriction enzymes. All DNA extracts were quantified using a Qubit 2.0 fluorimeter (Life Technologies, Carlsbad, CA, USA). Paired‐end reads of 2 × 150 bp were generated on an Illumina HiSeq X Ten System (SanDiego, CA, USA), generating approximately 2 Gb of data per sample. For the MiddRAD‐seq data, paired‐end raw reads including R1 and R2 were de‐multiplexed and cleaned to 140 bp by the process_radtags program of Stacks v1.41 . We excluded R2 reads from subsequent analyses because of their low quality.