Bioinformatics and network pharmacology confirmed that mulberry can improve diabetes

The research on the therapeutic effects of red mulberry extract in diabetes treatment has revealed its multifaceted efficacy. Out of 91 compounds identified through the TCMSP database, six major active ingredients, including cyanidin, quercetin, morin, and beta-carotene, were selected and associated with 158 targets. Further cross-database screening identified 58 gene targets related to diabetes, and 12 intersecting targets were found between mulberry and diabetes targets. The pro-tein-protein interaction (PPI) network constructed with STRING and Cystoscope software deepened the understanding of the functions of 12 interacting proteins. The disease-pathway-target-component-drug network built with Cystoscope 3.7.2 soft-ware further identified key active components in mulberries. GO and KEGG anal-yses respectively revealed the biological processes, cellular components, molecular functions, and affected diseases and pathways of mulberries in regulating diabetes.红桑提取物用于糖尿病治疗的药效研究已揭示其多维度的药理功效。通过TCMSP（Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology Database）数据库鉴定出91种化合物，从中筛选得到6种主要活性成分，包括矢车菊素、槲皮素、桑色素与β-胡萝卜素，上述成分共关联158个作用靶点。进一步通过跨数据库筛选，得到58个与糖尿病相关的基因靶点，同时在桑提取物靶点与糖尿病靶点中发现12个交集靶点。借助STRING数据库与Cytoscape软件构建蛋白质相互作用（Protein-Protein Interaction, PPI）网络，加深了对12个互作蛋白功能的理解。利用Cytoscape 3.7.2软件构建疾病-通路-靶点-成分-药物网络，进一步筛选得到红桑中的关键活性成分。通过基因本体（Gene Ontology, GO）与京都基因与基因组百科全书（Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes, KEGG）富集分析，分别阐明了红桑在调控糖尿病过程中涉及的生物过程、细胞组分、分子功能，以及受影响的疾病与通路。