The main characteristics of studies included in the meta-analysis.

Pr: prospective; C: cohort; Re: retrospective; RCT: randomized controlled trials; SC: single-center; CNS: coagulase negative Staphylococcus; NR: not reported; CREA: serum creatinine; aa rise during vancomycin therapy. ba rise was found more than two consecutive times after 3 days of vancomycin therapy. Ca rise found more than two consecutive times after several days of vancomycin therapy.