The indirect effect of TikTok use on depressive symptoms through insomnia among university students

A cross-sectional study was conducted online in 2025 among 173 university students in Poland (mean age 23 years; M = 23.09, SD = 3.92), of whom 73.4% were women and 49% studied at the faculties of medicine and healthcare. The Google Forms questionnaire consisted of demographic questions, depression symptoms assessed by the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9), insomnia measured by the Athens Insomnia Scale (AIS-8) , and problematic use of TikTok (PTTU) assessed by the modified Bergen Facebook Addiction Scale (BFAS).