Supplementary Material for: Group live music reminiscence therapy for people with dementia: A mixed-method systematic review

Introduction: Group music reminiscence therapy is often a preferred option for people with dementia owing to its efficacy in evoking autobiographical memories. Live music performances may further enhance interpersonal connections and social relationships, leading to a more meaningful participation. While an updated review on the efficacy of group music reminiscence therapy was published recently, only studies with pre-recorded music were included.
Methods: This systematic review focused on the effects of group live music reminiscence therapy on the cognition, behavioural and psychological symptoms, and quality of life of people with dementia. We conducted the initial search on September 1, 2024, following the PRIMA guidelines using PubMed and Scopus. We then re-run searches prior to the final analysis on March 20, 2025. We assessed risk of bias using Cochrane Collaboration’s tool and assigned level of recommendations according to the American Academy of Neurology guideline.
Results: Of 1,846 articles, six studies involving 330 people with dementia and 10 caregivers were included. We assigned Level B recommendations for depression and anxiety in people with dementia. Findings on cognition, other behavioural and psychological symptoms, and quality of life were either limited or preliminary. Four studies reported qualitative findings and were synthesised into the following themes: 1) Psychological Well-being & Improvements in Mood; 2) Engagement and Participation.
Conclusion: Studies on group live music reminiscence therapy showed beneficial effects on depression and anxiety symptoms in people with dementia, while evidence for managing agitation and wandering, and improving quality of life of people with dementia remains scarce and generally inconclusive, warranting further investigations for meaningful clinical translation.