Repeated alpine flight loss within the widespread New Zealand stonefly Nesoperla fulvescens

Flight loss is a common feature of upland insect assemblages, with recent studies detecting parallel wing reduction events across independent alpine lineages. However, the geographic scale over which such repeated evolution can operate remains unclear. In this study, we use genotyping-by-sequencing to assess the genomic relationships among vestigial-winged and full-winged populations of the widespread New Zealand stonefly Nesoperla fulvescens, to test for repeated wing loss events over small spatial scales. Biogeographic analyses indicate that alpine wing loss in this widespread species is restricted to a single, narrow mountain range. Intriguingly, our coalescent analyses indicate that upland vestigial-winged N. fulvescens populations are not sister to one another, suggesting wings have been lost independently in disjunct populations of this species, over a <30 km scale. Our results suggest that selection against flight above the alpine treeline can drive rapid and repeated adaptati...飞行能力丧失是高地昆虫群落的普遍特征，近期研究在多个独立的高山支系中均检测到平行的翅退化事件。然而，这类重复演化所能作用的地理尺度仍不明确。本研究采用测序分型技术（genotyping-by-sequencing），对分布广泛的新西兰石蝇*Nesoperla fulvescens*的残翅种群与全翅种群间的基因组亲缘关系进行评估，以检验小空间尺度下是否存在重复的翅丢失事件。生物地理学分析表明，该广布物种的高山翅丢失现象仅局限于单一狭窄山脉范围内。有趣的是，我们的溯祖分析（coalescent analyses）结果显示，高地残翅的*Nesoperla fulvescens*种群并非彼此互为姐妹支，这表明该物种的隔离种群在小于30公里的尺度上独立发生了翅丢失事件。本研究结果表明，针对高山林线以上飞行行为的选择压力能够推动快速且重复的适应性演化。