主要针叶树种种子园人工促进开花结实机理、技术与应用

该成果由国家和湖北省自然基金会、内蒙古林管局立项的三个课题集合而成。皆是我国造林生产中最急缺速生良种的难题研究。国内外种子园都存在速生优株缺花少实无产量的难题，迫切需要促花结实，将速生性状遗传给造林良种，并缩短育种周期。研究历时16年，推广应用多年。研究内容：1）杉科、柏科、落叶松属的十余个树种的花芽和叶芽形态发生过程的解剖学及物候学研究，确定叶芽及雌雄花芽形态发端的时间、位置、结构及形态差异，推断各种芽生理发端期的准确时间，用以精确确定生理分析取样时间、促花时间、施药部位等。2）用最先进质谱内标法测定叶芽、雌雄花芽生理发端期的调控物质种类和含量变化及光周期对促花性别的影响，揭示生理调控叶、花芽发生的复杂因素。3）研制抑制生长、促进成花基因提早表达的促花剂配方，实现叶芽原基向花芽转变的目的。4）探索促进13个树种早花、多实的各自最佳配方、最佳浓度、最佳处理时期及方法。5）研究调控雌雄花性别比例的关键技术措施。6）监测人工促花的分化过程、花粉活力、受精过程、种子质量、萌发率、成苗率、苗期生长潜力等指标，确保人工促花良种生命活力。7）各地种子园测试效果推广应用。8）建立盆栽种子园技术。成果特点：本研究针对难开花的针叶树进行，是理论研究与解决生产实践难题相结合 提出促进林木花芽分化生理发端期的新概念 利用国际最先进的GC－MS激素内标定量测定技术，准确定量研究调控花芽分化的多种调控物变化的综合调控机制 研究叶芽向花芽转变的生理代谢新机理 建立了从生理发端期入手实现调控启动开花基因表达的新技术 在促花剂研制配方上探索出了一条从抑制营养生长，到调控开花基因表达，并借助光周期长短调控雌雄比例的多方综合调控促花新技术思路 促使花芽分化基因极大程度地提早几年或几十年表达，实现侧柏、水杉1年生、落叶松5年生苗开花结实的理想效果 国内外首例全方位系统地建立了林木开花基因表达调控、叶芽原基向花芽转化、雌雄比例调控、花萌活力、种子质量、成苗率及苗木生长潜力评价等人工促花结实全新的一套研究思路，实现了有效稳定促花、提早丰产良种的理论和技术上的突破 并为我国盆栽种子园的建立作出有益的尝试。鉴定认为处于国际先进、国内领先。成果广泛应用到湖北、甘肃、安徽、河南、云南、四川、北京等地种子园，皆表现出稳定而显著的促花丰产良种效果，推进造林良种化进程，提高了造林地生长潜力。

This achievement is a collection of three projects funded by the National Natural Science Foundation, Hubei Natural Science Foundation, and Inner Mongolia Forestry Administration, all focusing on the urgent problem of fast-growing improved tree seeds in China's afforestation production. At present, seed orchards both domestically and internationally face the challenge of slow-flowering, low fruit-setting and no yield of fast-growing elite trees, so there is an urgent need to promote flowering and fruiting, transmit fast-growing traits to afforestation improved seeds, and shorten the breeding cycle. This research lasted for 16 years and has been promoted and applied for many years.

The research contents are as follows:
1) Anatomical and phenological studies on the morphogenesis of flower buds and leaf buds of more than 10 tree species in the Taxodiaceae, Cupressaceae and Larix genera. The study determined the timing, location, structure and morphological differences between leaf buds and male/female flower buds at their morphological initiation stages, and inferred the exact timing of physiological initiation stages for each type of bud, so as to accurately determine the timing of physiological analysis sampling, flower promotion treatment and application sites of agrochemicals.
2) Using the most advanced mass spectrometry internal standard method, the study measured the types and content changes of regulatory substances in leaf buds and male/female flower buds during their physiological initiation stages, as well as the effect of photoperiod on flowering sex regulation, revealing the complex factors regulating the physiological development of leaves and flower buds.
3) A flower-promoting agent formula was developed, which inhibits vegetative growth and promotes the early expression of flowering-related genes, aiming to achieve the transformation of leaf bud primordia into flower buds.
4) The optimal formula, concentration, treatment timing and method for promoting early flowering and more fruiting of 13 tree species were explored respectively.
5) Key technical measures to regulate the sex ratio of male and female flowers were studied.
6) Indicators such as the differentiation process of artificially promoted flowering, pollen viability, fertilization process, seed quality, germination rate, seedling survival rate and seedling growth potential were monitored, to ensure the vitality of the artificially promoted improved tree seeds.
7) The results were tested and promoted for application in seed orchards across different regions.
8) The technology for potted seed orchards was established.

Features of this achievement: This research targets difficult-to-flower conifers, combining theoretical research with solving practical production problems. It proposes a new concept of the physiological initiation stage of tree flower bud differentiation. Using the internationally most advanced GC-MS hormone internal standard quantitative determination technology, the study accurately quantified the changes of multiple regulatory substances involved in flower bud differentiation to reveal the comprehensive regulatory mechanism, and explored the new physiological metabolism mechanism of the transformation from leaf buds to flower buds. A new technology was established, which starts from the physiological initiation stage to regulate the expression of flowering genes. In terms of the development of flower-promoting agent formulas, a new comprehensive flower promotion approach was explored, which inhibits vegetative growth, regulates the expression of flowering genes, and regulates the male-female flower ratio through photoperiod length. This approach greatly advances the expression of flower bud differentiation genes by several years or even decades, achieving the ideal effect of flowering and fruiting on 1-year-old Platycladus orientalis and Metasequoia glyptostroboides seedlings, and 5-year-old Larix seedlings. This is the first comprehensive and systematic research framework worldwide for artificial flower promotion and fruiting, covering the regulation of tree flowering gene expression, transformation of leaf bud primordia into flower buds, male-female flower ratio regulation, flower bud viability, seed quality, seedling survival rate and seedling growth potential evaluation. It has achieved theoretical and technological breakthroughs in effectively and stably promoting flowering and achieving early high-yield of improved tree seeds, and made beneficial attempts for the establishment of potted seed orchards in China.

The achievement was identified as reaching the international advanced level and domestic leading level. It has been widely applied to seed orchards in Hubei, Gansu, Anhui, Henan, Yunnan, Sichuan, Beijing and other regions, showing stable and significant effects of promoting flowering and high-yield of improved tree seeds, promoting the process of afforestation with improved tree seeds, and improving the growth potential of afforested lands.

搜集汇总

背景与挑战

背景概述

该数据集聚焦于针叶树种种子园中人工促进开花结实的机理、技术与应用研究，旨在解决速生优株缺花少实的问题。通过16年的系统研究，涵盖了从花芽生理发端到促花剂配方、性别调控及种子质量评估的全过程，成果在多个省份的种子园中实现了稳定促花和提早丰产，被评价为国际先进水平。