Temperature seasonality drives taxonomic and functional homogenization of tropical butterflies

To understand the potential impact of climate change on butterfly assemblages across a tropical island, we used thousands of museum records of diurnal Lepidoptera to model current (1970–2000) and forecast future (2061–2080) species distributions and combined these to test for taxonomic and functional homogenization. We then quantified climatic-mediated effects on current and forecasted taxonomic and functional composition and, specifically, whether temperature was a primary driver, as predicted by the temperature-size rule and the thermal melanism hypotheses. Finally, we measured wing traits important in thermoregulation (size and color) and determined trait-mediated changes in forecasted species distributions over time. Our models projected an increase in taxonomic and functional richness over time, and a decrease in taxonomic and functional turnover – a signature of biotic homogenization. Under future climate scenarios, models projected a decrease in wing length and an increase in win..., We used the Stuart J. Ramos Collection to measure wing traits because it was (and is) the only digitized collection of Puerto Rico butterflies. The Stuart J. Ramos Collection (SJRC; 3410 records; SJRC) was donated by the late S. J. Ramos to the McGuire Center for Lepidoptera and Biodiversity, Florida Museum of Natural History (MGCL) at the University of Florida, in Gainesville, Florida, USA. We used image analysis software to measure dorsal forewing length as the length between the forewing tip and the site of wing attachment on the thorax, and forewing width as the widest section of the forewing. We also measured hue, saturation, and brightness (HSB) on a 1 cm2 region of the wing near the thorax, avoiding major veins and visible scale damage. Furthermore, we focused on females because 1) their parental investment and, thus, energetic requirements are often greater than those of males, and 2) male coloration can be biased by sexual selection. Of the 62 species, only four (all Nymphalida..., , # Data from: Temperature seasonality drives taxonomic and functional homogenization of tropical butterflies ## Description of the Data and file structure We used the Stuart J. Ramos Collection to measure wing traits because it was (and is) the only digitized collection of Puerto Rico butterflies. The Stuart J. Ramos Collection (SJRC; 3410 records; SJRC) was donated by the late S. J. Ramos to the McGuire Center for Lepidoptera and Biodiversity, Florida Museum of Natural History (MGCL) at the University of Florida, in Gainesville, Florida, USA. We used image analysis software to measure dorsal forewing length as the length between the forewing tip and the site of wing attachment on the thorax, and forewing width as the widest section of the forewing. We also measured hue, saturation, and brightness (HSB) on a 1 cm2 region of the wing near the thorax, avoiding major veins and visible scale damage. Furthermore, we focused on females because 1) their parental investment and, thus, energeti...为探明气候变化对热带岛屿蝴蝶类群的潜在影响，我们依托数千份日间鳞翅目（diurnal Lepidoptera）馆藏记录，构建了当前时段（1970–2000年）与未来时段（2061–2080年）的物种分布模型，并结合模型结果检验分类学与功能均质化现象。随后我们量化了气候介导作用对当前及预测的分类学、功能群落组成的影响，重点验证温度是否如温度-体型法则（temperature-size rule）与热黑色素沉着假说（thermal melanism hypotheses）所预测的那样，为群落构建的核心驱动因子。最后我们测量了体温调节相关的关键翅部性状（体型与颜色），并分析了随时间推移预测物种分布中由性状介导的变化。我们的模型预测，随着时间推移，分类学与功能丰富度将有所提升，而分类学与功能周转率则会下降——这是生物均质化（biotic homogenization）的典型特征。在未来气候情景下，模型预测翅长将缩短，而[原文此处未完成]。我们采用斯图尔特·J·拉莫斯馆藏（Stuart J. Ramos Collection, SJRC）测量翅部性状，因其是（至今仍是）唯一数字化的波多黎各蝴蝶馆藏。该馆藏共收录3410条记录，由已故S·J·拉莫斯捐赠至美国佛罗里达州盖恩斯维尔市佛罗里达大学自然历史博物馆麦奎尔鳞翅目与生物多样性中心（McGuire Center for Lepidoptera and Biodiversity, MGCL）。我们通过图像分析软件测量背侧前翅长度（即翅尖至胸部翅附着点的距离）与前翅宽度（前翅最宽处）。同时我们在翅部靠近胸部的1 cm²区域（避开主要翅脉与可见鳞片损伤处）测量了色调、饱和度与亮度（HSB）。此外，我们仅选取雌性个体，原因有二：1）雌性的亲代投入及其伴随的能量需求通常高于雄性；2）雄性体色易受性选择影响。在62个物种中，仅4个[原文此处未完成，疑似均为蛱蝶科Nymphalidae]。 # 数据来自：温度季节节律驱动热带蝴蝶的分类学与功能均质化 ## 数据与文件结构说明 我们采用斯图尔特·J·拉莫斯馆藏（Stuart J. Ramos Collection）测量翅部性状，因其是（至今仍是）唯一数字化的波多黎各蝴蝶馆藏。该馆藏（SJRC；共3410条记录）由已故S·J·拉莫斯捐赠至美国佛罗里达州盖恩斯维尔市佛罗里达大学自然历史博物馆麦奎尔鳞翅目与生物多样性中心（MGCL）。我们通过图像分析软件测量背侧前翅长度（翅尖至胸部翅附着点的距离）与前翅宽度（前翅最宽处）。同时我们在翅部靠近胸部的1 cm²区域（避开主要翅脉与可见鳞片损伤处）测量了色调、饱和度与亮度（HSB）。此外，我们仅选取雌性个体，原因有二：1）雌性的亲代投入及其伴随的能量[原文此处未完成]。