To determine the changes of average oxidation state and cordination environment of tranisition metal ions in intercalation-based cathode mat

The increasing use of Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) has led and will further lead to the depletion of lithium reserves. In response, investigations are being done on other cations (Na+) and anions (F-, Cl-) as shuttling ions for battery systems. Recently, fluoride ion batteries (FIBs) are considered as an alternative for all-solid-state batteries based on intercalation-based cathode materials. This has not only led to higher cycling stability but also facilitates the lowering of overpotentials. In this respect, different second-generation intercalation materials have been studied, among which La2Ni0.75Co0.25O4 and La1.9Sr0.1Ni0.9Mn0.1Co0.1O4 have been identified for improved cycling performance. Further, X-ray absorption spectroscopy has proven successful to obtain element-specific information. As it also indicates structural changes which give information on the strain-induced locally, the behavior of all transition metal cations in the pristine, charged and discharged state.