Development and validation of the Health Belief Model questionnaire to promote smoking cessation for nasopharyngeal cancer prevention: a cross-sectional study

Objective: Nasopharyngeal cancer (NPC) risk factors caused by lifestyle choices are substantial yet avoidable. Using the Health Belief Model as a conceptual framework, this study develops and validates a questionnaire to predict smokers' intentions to quit in Sarawak, Malaysia (HBM).
Design: A cross sectional study.
Setting: Urban and suburban areas in Sarawak, Malaysia.
Participants: Following a thorough literature study, the preliminary items for the instrument were created. Prior to beginning the content validity by a panel of 10 experts, the instrument was translated into the Malay language utilising the forward-backwards approach. 10 smokers carried out face validity in both quantitative and qualitative ways. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) were used to assess the instrument's concept validity. Phase 1 of the EFA involved 100 smokers, whereas phase 2 of the CFA involved 171 smokers. Cronbach's alpha coefficients were used to measure internal...