Development and validation of the Health Belief Model questionnaire to promote smoking cessation for nasopharyngeal cancer prevention: a cross-sectional study

Objective: Nasopharyngeal cancer (NPC) risk factors caused by lifestyle choices are substantial yet avoidable. Using the Health Belief Model as a conceptual framework, this study develops and validates a questionnaire to predict smokers' intentions to quit in Sarawak, Malaysia (HBM). Design: A cross sectional study. Setting: Urban and suburban areas in Sarawak, Malaysia. Participants: Following a thorough literature study, the preliminary items for the instrument were created. Prior to beginning the content validity by a panel of 10 experts, the instrument was translated into the Malay language utilising the forward-backwards approach. 10 smokers carried out face validity in both quantitative and qualitative ways. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) were used to assess the instrument's concept validity. Phase 1 of the EFA involved 100 smokers, whereas phase 2 of the CFA involved 171 smokers. Cronbach's alpha coefficients were used to measure internal...研究目标：生活方式相关因素引发的鼻咽癌（Nasopharyngeal Cancer, NPC）危险因素虽影响重大，但具备可规避性。本研究以健康信念模型（Health Belief Model, HBM）为概念框架，开发并验证一款可用于预测马来西亚砂拉越地区吸烟者戒烟意向的问卷。 研究设计：横断面研究。 研究地点：马来西亚砂拉越的城市与郊区区域。 研究流程与对象：经全面文献调研后，生成该研究工具（问卷）的初始条目。本研究采用正向-反向翻译法将问卷翻译成马来语，随后邀请由10名专家组成的专家组开展内容效度检验。此外，招募10名吸烟者分别通过定量与定性方式完成表面效度验证。采用探索性因子分析（Exploratory Factor Analysis, EFA）与验证性因子分析（Confirmatory Factor Analysis, CFA）评估该问卷的构想效度：探索性因子分析第一阶段纳入100名吸烟者，验证性因子分析第二阶段纳入171名吸烟者。采用克朗巴赫α系数测量问卷的内部...