Table_1_Nematicidal effect of Beauveria species and the mycotoxin beauvericin against pinewood nematode Bursaphelenchus xylophilus.DOCX

Introduction and main objectiveBursaphelenchus xylophilus, commonly known as pine wood nematode (PWN), is considered one of the greatest threats to European and Asian pines. Regarding its management, most efforts have been directed toward control measures for the major vector (Monochamus spp.) and screening for genetic resistance in its hosts. However, an integrated pest management strategy which also implements pinewood nematode control is currently lacking. The aim of this study was to evaluate the nematicidal effect of two Beauveria species, a genus well known for its entomopathogenic activity.Summary methodologyFor this purpose, in vitro antagonism tests of fungi (Beauveria bassiana and B. pseudobassiana) and the mycotoxin beauvericin (C45H57N3O9) on B. xylophilus populations were conducted. Finally, the production of beauvericin in B. bassiana and B. pseudobassiana strains was quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography - mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS).Results and discussionBoth the B. bassiana and B. pseudobassiana fungal species and the mycotoxin beauvericin showed a clear nematicidal effect on B. xylophilus populations, substantially reducing their survival rate and even attaining 100% mortality in one case. HPLC-MS analysis confirmed and quantified the production of beauvericin by B. bassiana and demonstrated for the first-time beauvericin production in B. pseudobassiana.Final conclusionThese findings highlight the potential of Beauveria species and the mycotoxin beauvericin to be implemented in an integrated pest management strategy to control both nematode and vector.

引言与主要目标：Bursaphelenchus xylophilus，通常被称为松材线虫（PWN），被视为对欧洲和亚洲松树的最大威胁之一。在管理方面，大部分努力都集中在针对主要传播媒介（Monochamus spp.）的控制措施及其宿主的遗传抗性筛选上。然而，目前尚缺乏一种同时实施松材线虫控制的综合害虫管理策略。本研究旨在评估两种（Beauveria）真菌对松材线虫种群的影响，该属因其在昆虫病原体活性方面的显著作用而广为人知。研究方法：为此目的，对真菌（Beauveria bassiana 和 B. pseudobassiana）及其毒素（C45H57N3O9）对B. xylophilus种群进行了体外拮抗性测试。最后，通过高效液相色谱-质谱联用（HPLC-MS）定量分析了B. bassiana 和 B. pseudobassiana菌株中beauvericin的产生。结果与讨论：B. bassiana 和 B. pseudobassiana 真菌物种及其毒素beauvericin对B. xylophilus种群表现出明显的杀线虫作用，显著降低了其存活率，甚至在一种情况下达到了100%的死亡率。HPLC-MS分析证实并量化了B. bassiana中beauvericin的产生，并首次证实了B. pseudobassiana中beauvericin的产生。最终结论：这些发现突出了Beauveria物种及其毒素beauvericin在综合害虫管理策略中应用的潜力，以控制线虫和传播媒介。