TABLE 2 in Chalinula tamoiensis sp. nov. (Porifera: Haplosclerida Chalinidae), a new species from Ilha Grande Bay, Rio de Janeiro state

TABLE 2. Comparative table of morphological data of the genus Chalinula. Values: minimum – maximum (length/width). SpeciesDistributionReferenceExternal morphologyInternal anatomySpiculesChalinula tamoiensis sp. nov.Southeast Brazil. 1–12 metres depth.Present studyThinly to thickly encrusting, with oscules 0.9–2.6 mm wide, flushed with the surface or in oscular mounds, with a discrete perioscular membrane. Consistency soft, friable. Colour vivid pink to purple.Ectosomal skeleton absent. Skeleton irregularly anisotropic, cored by 1–3 spicules. Thinly encrusting specimens with scarce spongin fibres up to 10 µm thick. Thickly encrusting specimens with primary fibres up to 120 µm thick, often 60 µm thick. Primary and secondary fibres considerably slender next to the upper surface.Oxeas straight or slightly curved, acerate, hastate or stepped: 48.3–84.9/ 1.0–5.6 µmChalinula amoyensis (Brondsted, 1929)Southern China, Southwest Pacific.Original descriptionPresumably digitiform, formed by two cylindrical upgrowths. Oscules not abundant, lateral, 1 mm wide. Surface microhispid. Consistency soft, elastic. Colour light greyish yellow.Ectosome undifferentiated. Choanosomal skeleton formed of thick spongin fibres, up to 100 µm thick, barely distinguished in primary and secondary fibres, meshes up to 600 µm. Many free spicules scattered.Oxeas acerate, slightly curved or sinuous, with sharp points: 84–108/ 10–11 µm.Chalinula camerata (Ridley, 1884)Seychelles, Western Indian Ocean, 4–31 metres depth.Original descriptionSubcylindrical or subconical, up to 30 mm high and 18 mm wide, forming thin, folded, and anastomosed lamellae, 1–2 mm thick. Surface punctate, smooth, slightly undulated. Consistency: very elastic and compressible in spirit. Colour pale brown.Ectosome undifferentiated. Choanosomal skeleton a ladder-like reticulation of pauci- to multispicular ascending primary tracts, 4–10 spicules thick, connected by multispicular secondary tracts, 8–15 spicules thick, parallel to the surface, creating rectangular meshes.Oxeas slightly curved, acerate, with sharp points: 180/ 7 µm.Chalinula chelysa Bispo, Willenz & Hajdu 2022Juan Fernandez Archipelago, Chile. 7–15 metres depth.Original descriptionThinly encrusting or cushion shaped, with irregular lobate projections. Surface smooth, punctate. Oscules 1–2 mm slightly elevated or flush with the surface. Consistency soft. Colour light yellow alive.Ectosome undifferentiated. Choanosome mostly a regular anisotropic reticulation of primary uni—to paucispicular tracts 1–3 spicules thick, connected by unispicular secondary tracts 1–2 spicules long. Spongin nodal.Oxeas fusiform, straight, more frequently subtly bent with long acerate points: 73–169/ 1.0– 9.0 µm.Chalinula claviformis (Carter, 1886)Southern Australia.Original descriptionErect, cylindrical, clavate or pyriform. Oscules abundant, irregularly scattered, very large, circular, with raised margin. Surface smooth, reticulated. Consistency remarkably loose and soft. Colour greyish brown.No mention to ectosome. Choanosome a loose reticulation, composed of fibres cored by oxeas, many of which project through the fibres.Oxeas curved, acerate, fusiform: 169/ 6.4 µmChalinula confusa (Dendy, 1922)Seychelles, Western Indian Ocean, 46–55 m depthOriginal descriptionErect or pendent, up to 1.3 cm, branched, attached to an irregular, spreading base. Branches long, almost parallel and slender: 2–4 mm wide. Oscules abundant, small, longitudinally arranged. Surface minutely rough and punctate. Consistency soft, compressible, but tough and resilient. Colour in spirit dark brown.Ectosome undifferentiated. Choanosomal skeleton a confused reticulation with subparallel, slender, multispicular primary fibres 20 µm thick, connected by similar, usually unispicular, secondary fibres. Many free spicules among the fibres.Oxeas slightly curved, sharp, abruptly pointed, 150/ 6 µm.Chalinula densa (Brøndsted, 1924)New Zealand, 14 metres depth, under a rock.Original descriptionIrregularly cylindrical, 10 mm high by 40 mm wide, with outgrowths. Oscules not described. Surface uneven, with small conical projections. Consistency very soft, elastic. Colour greyish-white.No mention to ectosome. Choanosome an anisotropic reticulation of multispicular tracts forming irregular meshes up to 1000 µm width. Many free spicules and scarce spongin.Oxeas slightly curved, often with blunt ends: 104–145/ 10–11 µm.Chalinula ecbasis (de Laubenfels, 1930)San Diego, California, intertidal or growing in floating docks in a yacht club.de Laubenfels (1932)Ramose or digitate, up to 100 mm high and 10 mm wide. Oscules not abundant, apical, 2–5 mm wide. Surface hirsute. Consistency spongy. Colour in life bluish lavender, purple, brown or drab.Ectosome undifferentiated or vaguely differentiated from the choanosome. Choanosome a fibrous anisotropic reticulation, with pauci- to multispicular primary and secondary fibres, 10–20 µm in diameter, 4–7 spicules thick, forming meshes 75 µm wide. Many free spicules.Oxeas straight or slightly curved: 100/ 5 µm.Chalinula exigua Lendenfeld, 1887Australia.Original descriptionBranched, finger-shaped, 60 mm high by 3 mm wide. Oscules not abundant, 0.4 mm wide. Surface, consistency and colour not described.No mention to the ectosome. Choanosome a reticulation of thick fibres 50 µm thick, forming meshes 290 µm wide.Oxeas straight: 150/ 8 µmChalinula finitima (Schmidt, 1870)Florida.Original descriptionThickly encrusting. Oscules, surface, consistency, and colour not described.No mention to ectosome. Anisotropic reticulation.Not describedChalinula hooperi (Bakus e Nishiyama, 2000)Philippines, 10 m depth.Original descriptionThinly encrusting, up to 5 mm thick on dead coral. Oscules circular, ca. 2 mm wide, often with a raised collar. Surface velvety-like, undulated. Consistency soft, compressible. Colour in life dark green, dark brown after long exposure to air.Primary fibres cored by oxeas, 62–123 µm thick, becoming thinner close to the surface, ca. 30 µm thick, protruding the surface. Other fibres 15–45 µm in diameter. Fibres mostly ramified and often echinated by oxeas, preserve a brownish color.Oxeas, 78–137/ 1–8 µm.Chalinula limbata (Montagu, 1814)NE Atlantic, Mediterranean, max. 40 m depth.Redescription by de Weerdt, 1986Cushion-shaped. Oscules not abundant, large, not elevated. Surface strongly hispid. Consistency resilient, compressible, very spongy. Colour brown.Ectosome undifferentiated. Choanosome an irregular reticulation of spongin fibres cored by 1–5 spicules. Spongin generally abundant.Oxeas, some centrotylote, 55–90/ 0.5–1.5 µm.Chalinula loosanoffi (Hartman, 1958)NE Atlantic, Mediterranean, depth not informed.Original descriptionThickly encrusting with many branches. Encrusting base up to 15 cm wide, 1.0–3.0 cm thick, with vertical tubes, 2–33 mm high, 1–4 mm wide, branched and anastomosed. Oscules at the top of the tubes, or lateral, circular, or elliptical, 0.8–2.4 mm. Surface sparsely hispid, with small conules. Consistency soft and compressible. Colour in life dark tan, gold, or drab.Ectosome undifferentiated. Choanosome with multispicular primary tracts 2–6 spicules thick, connected by a network of secondary unispicular tracts. Spongin amount variable, from small amounts connecting spicules to fibrous structure enclosing spicules. Gemmules may be present.Oxeas slightly curved, sharply pointed, with some modifications to styles or strongyles, 66–185/ 2.0–8.2 µm.Chalinula milnei (de Laubenfels, 1954)Marshall Island, Central Pacific, 2 m depth.Original description Redescription of holotype by de Weerdt, 2002Encrusting, up to 3 mm thick. Oscules not described. Surface even, punctate. Consistency fragile, very soft. Colour in life pale cerulean, blue Thinly encrusting on coral rubble. Smooth surface. Khaki green coloured in life.Ectosome undifferentiated. Choanosome consists only of spicules in confusion. No mention to the ectosome. Very delicate, without evidence for distinction among primary and secondary lines. Oxeas encased in a thin sheet of spongin.Oxeas, 80–110 x 1.0–1.2; Raphides in trichodragmas, 50–80/ 0.3–0.4 µm. Strongyloxeas crooked: 55–78/0.4– 0.8 µm. Raphids not observed.Chalinula molitba (de Laubenfels, 1949)Western Atlantic, Eastern Atlantic (Azores and Canaries), possibly Southeastern Pacific, 9–15 m depth.Redescription by de Weerdt, 2000 Redescription of holotype by de Weerdt, 2002Tubular, thickly or thinly encrusting. Commonly dense clusters, 20 cm wide of partly coalescent tubes to finger-shaped, 3–20 mm thick, up to 150 mm long. Can also be thick cushions, laterally spreading, or thinly encrusting. Oscules up to 1 mm in thinly encrusting specimens, 3 mm in thickly encrusting and 6 mm in tubular specimens. Surface even, slightly hispid. Consistency very soft, limp, compressible, fragile. Colour bright to dark pink, sometimes with yellowish cream tinges, occasionally light brown. Thinly encrusting, very soft, completely encrusting a piece of coral. Oscules not observed.Ectosome undifferentiated. Choanosome variable, from spongin-dominated skeleton of spongin fibres without clearly discernible primary and secondary fibres, cored by 0–6 spicules of reduced size, through an anisotropic reticulation with intermediate amount of spongin and secondary lines 1–3 spicules long, to spicula-dominated skeleton, isotropic, unispicular with larger oxeas and scarce spongin. Spongin scarce to abundant, forming fibres 4–122 µm thick in spongin-dominated skeleton, 2.5–45 µm in intermediate, and scarce in spicula-dominated skeleton. Ectosome undifferentiated. Irregular reticulation of wavy primary ascending fibres 1–2 spicules thick and secondary fibres 1–2 spicules long, and one spicule thick.Strongyloxeas, vestigial, truncated, cleaved ends: 45–99/ 0.5–2.6 µm in spongin-dominated skeleton; Oxeas, sharp points: 66–144/ 1.3–7.0 µm in spicula-dominated skeleton. Oxeas very slender: 86–99/0.9–2.3 µm.Chalinula nematifera (de Laubenfels, 1954)Marshall islands, West-Central Pacific, 3 m depth. Sulawesi, Indonesia, 12 m depth.Original description Description of additional materialThinly encrusting, bright purple, translucent surface, green after fixation. Conspicuous pale parallel trades indefinitely long and 2 mm apart present. Consistency soft, friable. Surface smooth. Oscules not visible. Thinly encrusting, brilliant mauve-collored coat and white, wave filaments.Ectosome undifferentiated. Choanosomal skeleton is an isodictyal reticulation of parallel, thin strands. Spongin scarce. No description of skeletonOxeas very thin: 90–95/ 1–2.5 µm. Oxeas thin and straight 90–105/ 2–2.5 µm.Chalinula nigra Boury-Esnault & Lopes, 1985Azores and Mediterranean, 12–15 m depth.Original descriptionRepent, with an encrusting base, 1–2 cm thick, with branches 1–13 cm high eventually bifurcated stemming from the encrusting base. Conules 1–2 mm high. Oscules numerous. Colour in life black.Ectosome undifferentiated. Choanosome a subisotropic reticulation of spongin fibres 6 28 µm thick, cored by 6–20 spicules. Primary fibres protrude from the surface. Many free spicules in the mesohil.Oxeas straight to slightly curved: 140- 174/ 2.6–7.8 µm.Chalinula qatari Giraldes & Goodwin, 2020Persian Gulf,>1 m depth.Original descriptionThinly encrusting, ca. 4 mm thick, up to 40 cm wide, with small conulose projections, ca. 8 mm high/ 6 mm wide. Oscules 2–5 mm wide. Surface uneven. Consistency compressible, very soft and fragile. Colour ‘vivid maroon’, purple or brownish red, to pale yellow in stress.Ectosome undifferentiated. Choanosome is an anisotropic reticulation with paucispicular primary tracts, 1–3 spicules thick, connected by unispicular secondary tracts, usually about two spicules long.Oxeas, fusiform, 69–96/ 1.1–4.0 µm.Chalinula ramiculosa Bispo, Willenz & Hajdu, 2022Paracas and Isla La Vieja, Peru (Inca Region), Peru. 1.6–3.3 metres depth.Original descriptionMassive, irregularly outlined, with bifurcated projections 15 cm wide, 5 cm high. Surface smooth, and irregular, with visible ectosomal strands under the surface. Oscules 0.8–4.0 mm wide, flush with the surface or elevated in volcaniform projections. Consistency soft. Colour beige to pinkish beige alive.Ectosome undifferentiated, but loose spicules may be present. Choanosomal skeleton a confused, unispicular, isotropic reticulation, with seldom primary discernible lines, connected by thin lines two spicules long. Spongin scarce, nodal.Oxeas fusiform, straight or slightly curved, with sharp, acerate points: 81– 150/ 1.3–9.0 µm.Chalinula renieroides (Schmidt, 1868)Mediterranean, Azores, Caribbean. 1–3 metres depth.Redescription of holotype (de Weerdt, 2002)Thinly encrusting, 0.5 cm thick. Oscula regularly distributed, flush with the surface or on mounds (0.8 ‒ 1.5 mm wide). Surface even, slightly hispid. Consistency soft, elastic.Ectosome not described. Choanosome is a regular reticulation of uni to paucispicular primary lines, connected regularly by unispicular secondary lines, two to four spicules long, forming rectangular meshes, mostly, 133–195 µm wide. Spongin moderate, completely enveloping the skeletal lines.Oxeas straight to very slightly curved, fusiform, sharp points, 81–105/ 3.6–6.6 µm.Chalinula saudiensis Vacelet, Al Soufyani, Al Lihaib & Kornprobst, 2001Off Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, Red Sea, 20–30 metres depth.Original descriptionThickly encrusting 10–20 mm thick, with irregular, round outlines. Oscules 2–6 mm, circular. Colour vivid blue.Ectosome undifferentiated. Choanosomal skeleton anisotropic. Primary fibres 20–35 µm thick, up to 60 µm thick, cored by five spicules. Secondary fibres 10–25 µm thick, unispicular, more than one spicule long. Meshes 100–250 µm wide.Oxeas slightly curved, with truncated ends, often irregular, with small swellings and a rounded tip: 110– 181/ 1.5–4.5 µmChalinula spiculifera (Lendenfeld, 1887)Australia, depth not informed.Original descriptionAnastomosed branches, up to 150 mm high. Individual finger-shaped projections, 200 mm long, 20 mm thick. Pseudoscula up to 20 mm in diameter. Surface smooth. Consistency and colour not described.Ectosome undifferentiated. Choanosome a reticulation of spongin fibres, 67 µm in diameter, forming meshes up to 260 µm wide, cored by oxeas only in the primary fibres. Free spicules scattered.Oxeas, strongyloxeas, 90/ 4 µm.Chalinula variabilis (Thiele, 1905)Eastern Pacific and Magellanic Region, 15 m depth.Original description.Egg-shaped, finger-shaped, or conical, up to 6 cm long. Oscules, 1–4 mm in diameter. Surface punctate, rough. Consistency elastic and soft. Colour light-brown or greyish purple.Ectosome undifferentiated. Choanosome a reticulation of spongin fibres, more organized close to the surface and confused in the interior. Radial fibres are thicker and cored with spicules.Oxeas, 90–100/ 1 µm at Juan Fernandez; up to 115/ 9 µm at Punta ArenasChalinula velinea (de Laubenfels, 1954)Indo-Pacific and Central Pacific, 2 m depth.Original description.Encrusting, 3 mm thick, spreading over gorgonian. Oscules 1–2 mm wide. Surface conulose, conules 0.7 mm high, 1.4 mm apart. Consistency softly spongy, slimy. Colour in life light blue externally, pale drab internally.Ectosome undifferentiated. Choanosome is fibro-reticulated, fibres 20–40 µm in diameter. Fibers cored here and there by isolated oxeas.Oxeas, 88/ 1 µm.Chalinula zeae de Weerdt, 2000Western Atlantic, 4 m depth.Original description.Thinly encrusting. Oscules small, flush with the surface, at the center of conspicuous star-shaped pattern of exhalant canals. Surface even, slightly hispid. Consistency soft. Colour dark brown, orange or orange yellow.Ectosome undifferentiated. Choanosomal skeleton is an irregular reticulation of uni- to paucispicular primary lines, connected by secondary lines of 1–2 spicules thick and 1–2 spicules long. Spongin at nodes, occasionally forming a thin sheath around spicules.Oxeas slightly curved, short, with blunt or telescoped ends, 111–152/ 3.5– 4.0 µm. ......continued on the next page ......continued on the next page ......continued on the next page ......continued on the next page ......continued on the next page