Supplementary Material for: Projected Tumor Characteristics and Survival of Patients with Nonviral Hepatocellular Carcinoma in the United States

Introduction: Nonviral liver diseases, including alcohol-associated liver disease (ALD) and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD), are increasing the burden of nonviral hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in the U.S. We aimed to model and project the demographic and tumor characteristics and survival of individuals with nonviral HCC in the U.S.
Methods: We performed a cohort study using the linked Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program (SEER) and Medicare enrollment database (2000—2017). Of 78,431 adult Medicare beneficiaries with HCC, we excluded patients with a non-primary liver tumor, HCC diagnosis before Medicare coverage started, and without a primary liver disease etiology of MASLD or ALD. We used linear regression to model changes in demographic and tumor characteristics and survival of patients with nonviral HCC, and applied this model to describe future trends up to 2035.
Results: In our cohort of 23,926 patients with nonviral HCC (18,266 with MASLD and 5,660 with ALD), the mean age at diagnosis between 2000—2017 was 73 years and 68—69% were male. Though we projected increasing trends for survival, both median (1.31 years [95%CI: 1.22—1.41] in 2035) and 5-year survival rates (22.0% [95%CI: 19.9—24.2] in 2027) are expected to remain low. We projected that by 2027, 1/3 of patients will be diagnosed with stages III or IV tumors and by 2030, more than 1/3 of HCC diagnoses will be of multifocal and metastatic tumors.
Conclusion: Focused efforts are needed to expand the use and effectiveness of HCC screening to improve the early detection and survival outcomes of HCC.