PHYSIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS OF CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM ADAPTATION TO PHYSICAL EXERCISE

This article discusses the physiological mechanisms of cardiovascular system adaptation to physical exercise. Physical activity creates increased demand for oxygen and nutrients in working muscles, and the cardiovascular system responds by adjusting heart rate, stroke volume, cardiac output, blood pressure, and blood flow distribution. During exercise, the heart works more actively, blood vessels in skeletal muscles dilate, and oxygen delivery to tissues increases. Regular physical training leads to long-term adaptations such as improved cardiac efficiency, increased stroke volume, enhanced capillary density, better endothelial function, and reduced resting heart rate. The article analyzes acute and chronic cardiovascular responses to exercise and explains their importance for maintaining physical performance and overall health.