Oral microbiota and their antibiotic susceptibility in free-living monkeys in Goiás State, Brazil: Repercussions for injuries in humans

Abstract INTRODUCTION: Goiás State, which is in the midwest region of Brazil, has several urban forests. This fact, along with the expansion of urban areas within the limits of Forest Conservation Units, increases the contact between humans and wildlife, such as capuchin monkeys. The impulsive behavior of these animals and the scarcity of food cause them to vigorously search for food, leading to direct encounters with Park visitors, which can result in scratches and bites and making them potential disseminators of pathogenic microorganisms. METHODS: Ten specimens of bearded capuchin monkey (Sapajus libidinosus) were captured at the Onofre Quinan Environmental Park in Anápolis, Goiás, Brazil. Samples were collected from the monkeys, and the bacteria and fungi present in the samples were isolated and identified. Then, the identified microorganisms were subjected to antibiotic susceptibility testing. RESULTS: A total of 111 bacteria and 12 fungi were isolated, including two strict anaerobic bacteria of the genus Peptostreptococcus, 109 facultative anaerobic bacteria, and 12 yeasts. Among the facultative bacteria, enterobacteria and Staphylococcus were common. Resistance to tetracycline and ampicillin antibiotics was detected in the enterobacteria, and resistance to tetracycline, erythromycin, and clindamycin was detected in the Staphylococci. The other strains were sensitive to all tested antimicrobials. Cefoxitin showed 100% efficacy in all isolated bacteria. CONCLUSIONS: For bites from capuchin monkeys, we recommend performing complete hygiene and antibiotic therapy, according to medical recommendations. Given the 100% effectiveness of cefoxitin, it should be considered for this type of injury, especially in the study region.

摘要
引言：位于巴西中西部地区的戈亚斯州（Goiás State）拥有多处城市森林。这一现状，加之森林保护单元（Forest Conservation Units）范围内城区的扩张，加剧了人类与卷尾猴等野生动物的接触频次。这类动物的冲动习性与食物匮乏状况，会促使它们积极搜寻食物，进而与公园游客发生直接接触，可能造成抓伤、咬伤，同时使其成为病原微生物的潜在传播媒介。

方法：研究人员在巴西戈亚斯州阿纳波利斯市的奥诺弗雷·基南环境公园（Onofre Quinan Environmental Park）内捕获了10只髯卷尾猴（Sapajus libidinosus）。研究人员采集了这些猴类的样本，分离并鉴定了样本中携带的细菌与真菌。随后对已鉴定的微生物开展抗生素敏感性试验。

结果：本次研究共分离得到111株细菌与12株真菌，其中包括2株消化链球菌属（Peptostreptococcus）的严格厌氧菌、109株兼性厌氧菌以及12株酵母菌。在兼性厌氧菌中，肠杆菌科细菌与葡萄球菌属（Staphylococcus）细菌较为常见。研究检测到肠杆菌科细菌对四环素（tetracycline）与氨苄青霉素（ampicillin）具有耐药性，葡萄球菌属细菌则对四环素（tetracycline）、红霉素（erythromycin）与克林霉素（clindamycin）存在耐药性。其余菌株对所有受试抗菌药物均敏感。头孢西丁（cefoxitin）对所有分离得到的细菌均展现出100%的抗菌活性。

结论：针对卷尾猴咬伤，建议按照医学规范开展彻底清创与抗生素治疗。鉴于头孢西丁（cefoxitin）具备100%的抗菌有效性，该药物可考虑用于此类创伤的治疗，尤其适用于本研究所在区域。