Synthesis of Quinacridone Derivatives and Their Application as High Performance Levelers in Electroplating (Supporting Information)

A series of quaternary ammonium salts base on quinacridone aromatic ring were synthesized using 2,9-quinacridone as the parent material, and their leveling performance were evaluated using constant-current chronoamperometry addition curves. Additionally, the adsorption abilities of the leveler molecules on copper surfaces were investigated through quantum chemical calculations and molecular dynamics simulations, and their specific adsorption sites on the copper surface were investigated by XPS, then the effect of concentration on the leveling performance was probed by through-hole plating, and the copper surface was characterized by XRD and SEM. Among four quinacridone aryl quaternary ammonium salts, DCQA-C8-MI exhibits optimal leveling effects, serving as an excellent leveler with outstanding performance. This study expands the application scope of quinacridone aromatic heterocyclic quaternary ammonium salts and offers insights for exploring efficient organic additives for copper electrodeposition.

本项研究采用2,9-喹啉酮作为母体材料，合成了一系列基于喹啉酮芳香环的四铵盐，并利用恒电流计时电流法对其平整化性能进行了评估。此外，通过量子化学计算和分子动力学模拟，探讨了平整化分子在铜表面的吸附能力，并利用X射线光电子能谱（XPS）研究了其在铜表面的特定吸附位点。随后，通过盲孔电镀技术探究了浓度对平整化性能的影响，并通过X射线衍射（XRD）和扫描电子显微镜（SEM）对铜表面进行了表征。在四种喹啉酮芳基四铵盐中，DCQA-C8-MI表现出最佳的平整化效果，成为性能卓越的平整剂。本研究拓宽了喹啉酮芳香杂环四铵盐的应用范围，并为探索高效有机添加剂在铜电沉积中的应用提供了启示。