Transcriptome analysis of Apis mellifera antennae reveals molecular divergence underlying the division of labor in worker bees

Olfaction system plays a fundamental role in mediating insect behavior. Besides, the division of queen, worker and drone, honeybee also exhibit an age-dependent division of labor. Worker bees perform discrete sets of behaviors throughout their lifespan. These behavioral states rely on the sense of the environments and chemical communications via their olfactory system - antennae. However, the olfactory adaption mechanism of workers in these processes of behavioral development is still unclear. In this study, we conducted a comprehensive and quantitative analysis of gene expression in Apis mellifera antenna of newly emerged workers, nurses, foragers, and defenders using RNA-seq. We found that antennae tissues continue to develop after transformation from pupae to adult. Additionally, we identified both developmental and labor-division specific expressed genes. We validated the unexpected discovery of major royal jelly protein genes, which are highly and specifically expressed in nurse honeybee workers. We further identified and validated that significant alternative splicing events are also involved in the development and division of labor. These findings provided a comprehensive transcriptome profile and new perspective into the molecular mechanism underlying honeybee division of labor. Genes expression profiles of Newly emerged workers, Nurse, Forager,and Defender were generated by RNA-seq using the DNBSEQ platform.