Table 1. Sociodemographic Characteristics of Participants (n = 244)

A total of 297 questionnaires were distributed, with 244 completed, resulting in 82% response rate. Table 3 shows the demographic and professional characteristics of participants in the present study. Almost half of the participants (49.6%) ranged in age from 25 to 34 years. Male participants comprised 66.8%, while females made up 33.2%. More than half (50.8%) were Assistant Professors, and lecturers accounted for 29.1%. Additionally, 49.6% of participants held MD/PhD degrees, while 31.1% held M.Sc./MPH/other degrees. Most participants (90.2%) received their most recent degree from Ethiopian universities. In terms of school affiliation, 78.3% were from clinical schools.

The proportion of individuals with prior research ethics training was 66.0%. Most participants (59.0%) had 1-5 years of research experience, while 19.3% had over 10 years. In terms of publication history, 55.7% had published 1-5 papers, and 26.2% had published more than 10. In their most recent publication, 61.1% were co-authors, and 38.9% were first authors.