Phospho- and total proteins normalized to Ponceau staining.

Data are mean ± SEM. Immunoreactivities were compared by paired (within RIPC or placebo, respectively) or unpaired (between RIPC and placebo) Student t-tests. Protein content of autophagy-related gene 5–12 complex (ATG5-12), phosphorylated (p) and total beclin-1, light chain 3 (LC3), parkin, p62, signal transducer and activator of transcription 5 (STAT5), STAT3, and extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) in myocardial biopsies obtained at baseline (BL) before initiation of cardiopulmonary bypass and at 5–10 min reperfusion (R10) from patients undergoing remote ischemic preconditioning (RIPC) or not (placebo).