Table_1_Integrated physiological, metabolomic, and proteome analysis of Alpinia officinarum Hance essential oil inhibits the growth of Fusarium oxysporum of Panax notoginseng.docx

Fusarium oxysporum is the main pathogen of Panax notoginseng root rot, and chemical fungicides remain the primary measures to control the disease. Plant essential oil (EO) is a volatile plant secondary metabolic product that does not produce any residue to replace chemical pesticide. To comprehensively understand the antifungal mechanism of Alpinia officinarum Hance EO, the physiological indicators, proteome and metabolome were analyzed using F. oxysporum spores and hyphae treated with different EO concentrations. The cell membrane was damaged after both low and high concentrations of EO treatment, along with leakage of the cell contents. To resist the destruction of membrane structure, fungi can increase the function of steroid biosynthesis and expression of these catalytic enzymes, including squalene monooxygenase (SQLE), sterol 14alpha-demethylase (CYP51, CYP61A), delta14-sterol reductase (TM7SF2, ERG4), methylsterol monooxygenase (MESO1), and sterol 24-C-methyltransferase (SMT1). Furthermore, the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA) was influenced by inhibiting the expression of glutamate synthase (GLT1), 4-aminobutyrate aminotransferase (ABAT), and succinate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase (gabD); increasing malate and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA); and decreasing citrate content. The spore germination rate and mycelia growth were decreased because the expression of cohesin complex subunit SA-1/2 (IRR1) and cohesion complex subunit (YCS4, BRN1, YCG1) were inhibited. Particularly, under high EO concentrations, cyclin-dependent kinase (CDC28) and DNA replication licensing factor (MCM) were further inhibited to disrupt the cell cycle and meiosis, thus affecting cell division. The results of this study will enrich the understanding of the antifungal mechanism of EOs and provide an important basis to develop new plant-derived fungicides.

Fusarium oxysporum 被认为是三七根腐病的主要病原菌，化学杀菌剂依然是控制该病的首要手段。植物精油（EO）作为一种挥发性次生代谢产物，其使用不会在作物上留下任何残留，从而替代化学农药。为了全面理解高良姜（Alpinia officinarum Hance）精油（EO）的抗菌机理，研究者采用不同浓度的EO处理Fusarium oxysporum 孢子和菌丝，并分析了生理指标、蛋白质组学和代谢组学。研究发现，低浓度和高浓度的EO处理均会导致细胞膜受损及细胞内容物泄漏。为了抵抗细胞结构的破坏，真菌能够增强甾体生物合成功能以及相关催化酶（如单加氧酶SQLE、甾醇14α-脱甲基酶CYP51、CYP61A、delta14-甾醇还原酶TM7SF2、ERG4、甲基甾醇单加氧酶MESO1以及甾醇24-C-甲基转移酶SMT1）的表达。此外，通过抑制谷氨酸合成酶（GLT1）、4-氨基丁酸转氨酶（ABAT）和琥珀酸半醛脱氢酶（gabD）的表达，以及增加苹果酸和γ-氨基丁酸（GABA）的含量，并降低柠檬酸含量，影响了三羧酸循环（TCA）。孢子发芽率和菌丝生长均受到抑制，这是由于共价复合体亚基SA-1/2（IRR1）和共价复合体亚基（YCS4、BRN1、YCG1）表达的抑制所致。尤其是在高浓度EO的作用下，细胞周期和减数分裂进一步受到抑制，这是因为周期依赖性激酶（CDC28）和DNA复制许可因子（MCM）的表达受到抑制，从而影响了细胞分裂。本研究的结果将丰富对植物精油抗菌机理的理解，并为开发新型植物源杀菌剂提供了重要依据。