Molecular systematics and taxonomic overview of the bird’s nest fungi (Nidulariaceae)

Fungi in the Nidulariaceae, otherwise known as ‘bird’s nest fungi’, are among the least studied groups of Agaricomycetes (Basidiomycota). Bird’s nest fungi are globally distributed and typically grow on woody debris or animal dung as saprotrophs. This group of fungi is morphologically diverse, and ca. 180 different species have been described. Phylogenetic relationships of bird’s nest fungi were investigated with Maximum Likelihood and Bayesian analyses of four commonly used loci (ITS, LSU, tef, and rpb2). The family was resolved as a monophyletic group with Psathyrellaceae and Squamanitaceae as potential sister taxa. Specimens identified as Cyathus and Crucibulum formed well-supported clades. Nidula and Nidularia together are monophyletic. Two Mycocalia species studied are on their own separate branches. Misidentifications were detected in most genera. Common bird’s nest fungi species have global geographical distributions whereas rarer species may have more limited ranges. Our data al...