Real-time Hemodynamic Function.

Parameters: heart rate (HR), end systolic pressure (ESp), end diastolic pressure (EDp), cardiac output (CO), stroke volume (SV), the positive and negative derivatives of pressure development (+dP/dt and −dP/dt, respectively), and LV pressure Tau (Tau w). Hypoxia values were derived at 5 minutes into the challenge. Arterial pressure values were derived by conductance catheterization in the right carotid artery. All values are expressed as mean±s.e.m.
*P<0.05.
HCR, high capacity runner (Baseline: n = 11, Dobutamine: n = 8, Esmolol: n = 4, Hypoxia: n = 7), LCR, low capacity runner (Baseline: n = 9, Dobutamine: n = 8, Esmolol: n = 4, Hypoxia: n = 5).