Brick Kilns Across India: A Temporal Analysis of Brick Kiln Distribution and Technology Types

Overview The MuTBriK dataset contains multispectral Sentinel-2 image patches prepared for multi-class semantic segmentation of brick kiln types. Each image consists of 8 channels: six original Sentinel-2 spectral bands and two derived indices (NDVI and NDBI). All bands are normalized. Each image has a corresponding pixel-wise annotation mask. The dataset has been used to generate a national-scale map of brick kiln distribution and technology types across India. Dataset Contents Input images: 8-band multispectral GeoTIFF patches Label images: Pixel-wise segmentation masks One-to-one correspondence between each image and its label Image sizes: Training images: 263 × 263 pixels Validation/Test images: 256 × 256 pixels Spectral Bands Each image contains the following channels: Band Description Resolution -------- -------------------------------- -------------------------- B2 Blue 10 m B3 Green 10 m B4 Red 10 m B8 Near Infrared (NIR) 10 m B11 Shortwave Infrared 1 (SWIR1) 20 m → resampled to 10 m B12 Shortwave Infrared 2 (SWIR2) 20 m → resampled to 10 m Band 7 NDVI = (B8 − B4) / (B8 + B4) Derived Band 8 NDBI = (B11 − B8) / (B11 + B8) Derived Normalization All bands are normalized. Sentinel-2 reflectance values were scaled by dividing by 10,000. Classes and Labels Each label mask contains six classes: Class ID Class name ---------- ------------ 0 Background 1 FCBTK 2 Zigzag 3 CBTK 4 RBTK 5 DDK Labels are encoded as integer pixel values in the mask files. Preprocessing Steps - Sentinel-2 band selection (B2, B3, B4, B8, B11, B12) - Resampling of 20 m bands (B11, B12) to 10 m - Normalization (÷ 10,000) - Computation of NDVI and NDBI - Band stacking into 8-channel images - Patch extraction from larger Sentinel-2 tiles File Format Images: GeoTIFF (.tif) Labels: GeoTIFF (.tif) Fully compatible with open-source tools. Software Compatibility The dataset can be used with open-source software such as QGIS, Python (rasterio, NumPy, PyTorch, etc.) Geographic Coverage India Inference Results The full maps of India, showing all detected brick kilns and their corresponding technology classification, are available in the Maps_GeoJSON.zip file (2019-2025). Related Code Repository https://github.com/ssugandh01/MuTBriK