Two male-killing Wolbachia from Drosophila birauraia that are closely related but distinct in genome structure

Insects harbour diverse maternally inherited bacteria and viruses, some of which have evolved to kill the male progeny of their hosts (male killing: MK). The fly species Drosophila biauraria carries a maternally transmitted MK-inducing partiti-like virus, but it was unknown if it carries other MK-inducing endosymbionts. Here, we identified two male-killing Wolbachia strains (wBiau1 and wBiau2) from D. biauraria and compared their genomes to elucidate their evolutionary processes. The two strains were genetically closely related but had exceptionally different genome structures with considerable rearrangements compared with combinations of other Wolbachia strains. Despite substantial changes in the genome structure, the two Wolbachia strains did not experience gene losses that would disrupt the male-killing expression or persistence in the host population. The two Wolbachia-infected matrilines carried distinct mitochondrial haplotypes, suggesting that wBiau1 and wBiau2 have invaded D. bi..., Methods
Collection and rearing of Drosophila biauraria
D. biauralia samples were collected from the Field Science Center for Northern Biosphere, Hokkaido University, Tomakomai, Hokkaido, Japan in 2015 and 2017. Flies were collected by sweeping and banana traps. The collected females were individually maintained at 19 °C with the standard banana medium [24]. The sex ratios of the lines derived from field-collected females were determined at the adult stage. The normal sex ratio (NSR) isofemale line SP11-20 [25] was maintained for more than 70 generations. The all-female matrilines (W1 and W2), each derived from a single female, were maintained by crossing with males of the SP11-20 line. Wolbachia and DbMKPV1 infections were detected by PCR, as described previously [24-25].
Tetracycline treatment
All-female matrilines (W1 and W2) were reared on tetracycline-containing banana medium (0.05% [w/v]) [24] for two generations.
Egg hatching rates
Egg-hatching rates were estimated by counting the..., , # Massive genomic rearrangement between two closely related male-killing Wolbachia in Drosophila biauraria

We present genome data of two male-killing Wolbachia strains and their effects on host survival. This includes genome, sex ratio, and hatchability data.

## Description of the data and file structure

* Genome data used for the project are offered as fasta files. Annotation data for wBiau1 and wBiau2 strains are offered as Zip files (annotation genbank file, annotation gff file, coding sequences [CDS], protein sequences, RNA sequences, genomic features, and statistics data).
* Hatch rate data, Y chromosome detection data (i.e., male/female ratio in hatched/unhatched individuals), sex ratio data, data for tetracycline treatments, and blast analyses data were presented in an excel file 'data_set.v2.xlsx'. The details of each sheet of the Excel file are as follows

\"Fig1 data Hatch rate\" sheet represents the hatch rate data of D. biauraria.

\"Fig1 data Y chromosome dete...

昆虫宿主携带多样的母系遗传细菌与病毒，其中部分类群已演化出杀伤宿主雄性后代的能力（雄性杀伤，male killing: MK）。果蝇物种双跗果蝇（Drosophila biauraria）携带一种可母系传播、诱导雄性杀伤的多分病毒样病毒，但目前尚不明确其是否还携带其他可诱导雄性杀伤的共生菌。本研究从双跗果蝇中鉴定出两株雄性杀伤性沃尔巴克氏体（Wolbachia）菌株wBiau1与wBiau2，并通过基因组比较分析阐明其演化过程。两菌株遗传关系紧密，但与其他沃尔巴克氏体菌株组合相比，二者基因组结构存在显著差异且发生了大量重排。尽管基因组结构发生了大幅改变，但这两株沃尔巴克氏体均未出现会破坏雄性杀伤功能或宿主种群中存续能力的基因丢失现象。感染这两株沃尔巴克氏体的母系谱系携带截然不同的线粒体单倍型，提示wBiau1和wBiau2已入侵D. bi...

# 材料与方法
## 双跗果蝇的采集与饲养
双跗果蝇样本于2015年与2017年采集自日本北海道苫小牧市北海道大学北方生物圈野外科学中心。采用扫网法与香蕉诱捕器采集果蝇，将采集到的雌蝇单独置于19℃环境下，以标准香蕉培养基饲养[24]。从野外采集的雌蝇所建立的品系，其成虫阶段的性别比例将被统计。正常性别比例（NSR）的单雌系品系SP11-20[25]已连续饲养超过70代。全雌母系谱系W1与W2均由单只雌蝇建立，通过与SP11-20品系的雄蝇回交进行维持。如先前研究所述[24-25]，采用聚合酶链式反应（PCR）检测沃尔巴克氏体与DbMKPV1的感染情况。

## 四环素处理
将全雌母系谱系W1与W2饲养于含0.05%（质量体积比）四环素的香蕉培养基中，连续传代两代[24]。

## 卵孵化率
通过计数……,

# 双跗果蝇中两株亲缘关系紧密的雄性杀伤性沃尔巴克氏体间的大规模基因组重排
本研究公开了两株雄性杀伤性沃尔巴克氏体菌株的基因组数据及其对宿主存活的影响，涵盖基因组、性别比例与孵化率相关数据。

## 数据与文件结构说明
* 本研究使用的基因组数据以FASTA格式文件提供。wBiau1与wBiau2菌株的注释数据以压缩包（ZIP）形式提供，包含GenBank格式注释文件、通用特征格式（GFF）注释文件、编码序列（CDS）、蛋白质序列、RNA序列、基因组特征及统计数据。
* 孵化率数据、Y染色体检测数据（即孵化个体与未孵化个体的雌雄比例）、性别比例数据、四环素处理相关数据及BLAST分析数据均整理于Excel文件'data_set.v2.xlsx'中。该Excel文件各工作表的详细说明如下：
* 工作表"Fig1 data Hatch rate"对应双跗果蝇的孵化率数据。
* 工作表"Fig1 data Y chromosome dete……"