Table S4 Effect size estimates and p-values for the post-hoc ANOVA analyses on the proportional migration traffic during the diel phases for each two-site combination of 14 measurement locations. Measurements for which the time series was far from complete across the overall measurement period of March to October 2021 were excluded (see Table S1). from Continental-scale patterns in diel flight timing of high-altitude migratory insects

Many insects depend on high-altitude, migratory movements during part of their life cycle. The daily timing of these migratory movements is not random, e.g. many insect species show peak migratory flight activity at dawn, noon or dusk. These insects provide essential ecosystem services such as pollination but also contribute to crop damage. Quantifying the diel timing of their migratory flight and its geographical and seasonal variation, are hence key towards effective conservation and pest management. Vertical-looking radars provide continuous and automated measurements of insect migration, but large-scale application has not been possible because of limited availability of suitable devices. Here, we quantify patterns in diel flight periodicity of migratory insects between 50 and 500 m above ground level during March-October 2021 using a network of seventeen vertical-looking radars across Europe. Independent of the overall daily migratory movements and location, peak migratory movements occur around noon, during crepuscular evening and occasionally the morning. Relative daily proportions of insect migration intensity and traffic during the diel phases of crepuscular-morning, day, crepuscular-evening and night remain largely equal throughout May-September and across Europe. These findings highlight, extend, and generalize previous regional-scale findings on diel migratory insect movement patterns to the whole of temperate Europe.This article is part of the theme issue ‘Towards a global toolkit for insect biodiversity monitoring’.

诸多昆虫在其生命周期的特定阶段依赖高空迁飞活动。其迁飞活动的每日时间分布并非随机，例如多数昆虫类群的迁飞飞行高峰多出现于黎明、正午或黄昏时段。这类昆虫既能提供授粉等关键生态系统服务，同时也会造成农作物损害。因此，量化其迁飞活动的昼夜时间分布及其地理与季节变异，是实现有效物种保护与害虫综合治理的核心关键。垂直观测雷达（vertical-looking radar）可对昆虫迁飞进行连续自动化监测，但由于适配设备的可获取性有限，其大规模应用至今未能实现。本研究依托覆盖欧洲的17部垂直观测雷达组网，对2021年3月至10月间离地50至500米高度范围内的迁飞昆虫昼夜飞行节律模式进行了量化分析。研究结果显示，无论整体每日迁飞活动与地理位置如何，迁飞高峰均出现在正午前后、黄昏时段，偶尔也会出现在清晨。在晨昏清晨、日间、黄昏与夜间这几个昼夜时段中，昆虫迁飞强度与流量的相对日占比，在5月至9月期间以及欧洲全境范围内基本保持一致。本研究进一步明确、拓展并将此前针对区域尺度的昆虫昼夜迁飞模式研究结论推广至整个温带欧洲地区。本文属于“面向昆虫生物多样性监测的全球工具包”专题栏目的一部分。