Effects of herbivory and pathogen infection on plant-pollinator interactions

Plant enemies can indirectly affect pollinators by modifying plant traits, but simultaneous tests of herbivore and pathogen effects are lacking, and the role of floral volatiles has seldom been mechanistically assessed.
In this study, we tested for indirect effects of insect herbivores and pathogens on pollinator attraction via altered floral volatile emissions, and its consequences for plant fitness in Brassica rapa. Plants in the field were exposed to either no damage or damage by caterpillars (Mamestra brassicae), aphids (Brevicoryne brassicae), a leaf fungus (Sclerotinia sclerotiorum), or a bacterium (Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris). We recorded pollinator visits, and measured floral traits (flower number, volatiles) and plant fitness-correlates. We additionally performed a greenhouse experiment with artificial emitters to test for effects of target floral volatiles on pollinator attraction.
In the field experiments, plants subjected to herbivory by the aphid B. brassicae (bu..., , , # Herbivore and pathogen effects on pollination

In this study, we tested for indirect effects of insect herbivores and pathogens on pollinator attraction via altered floral volatile emissions, and its consequences for plant fitness in *Brassica rapa*. Plants in the field were exposed to either no damage or damage by caterpillars (*Mamestra brassicae*)*,* aphids (*Brevicoryne brassicae*), a leaf fungus (*Sclerotinia sclerotiorum*), or a bacterium (*Xanthomonas campestris* pv. *campestris*). We recorded pollinator visits, and measured floral traits (flower number, volatiles) and plant fitness-correlates. We additionally performed a greenhouse experiment with artificial emitters to test for effects of target floral volatiles on pollinator attraction.

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