Education Outcomes National Panel Survey (NPS) 2002-2008 - Mozambique

Abstract
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In 2004, the Bank, jointly with other donors and the Government of Mozambique, prepared a Poverty and Social Impact Analysis on the issue of fee reform in primary school. Partly as a result of the study findings, the Government took the step of abolishing tuition fees in primary education. In 2006, Ministry of Education and Culture (MEC ) requested a repeat of this analysis, as well as a similar baseline study on barriers to enrollment for the poor in secondary education. In particular the MEC sought World Bank assistance in (a) evaluating the success of the reforms in primary education financing to date, and (b) formulating new policies and initiatives to reduce the barriers the poorest households face in accessing primary and secondary education. This panel survey is part of the Bank's response to this request.

Geographic coverage
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Nationally representative

Analysis unit
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individuals, households

Universe
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The survey was designed to target eligible children/student (i.e. children aged 0-17 y.o. in 2003 or members enrolled in school in 2003) from the IAF sample.

Kind of data
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Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure
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The Education Outcomes Panel Survey (NPS) was designed as a panel survey based on a subsample of households interviewed in the 2002/03 Inquérito aos Agregados Familiares (IAF), a national household income and expenditure survey conducted in all provinces of Mozambique from July 2002 to June 2003. The NPS data collection took place from September 2008 to February 2009 and it was performed by a contractor in Mozambique (KPMG), with World Bank and UNICEF field supervision.

The NPS sampling frame consists of enumeration areas (EA) that were drawn to correspond to a particular set of months of the 2002/03 IAF, namely March to May 2003, since it is expected that the IAF has a nationally representative subsample of EAs assigned each quarter. It is important to highlight that the NPS data is nationally representative at the rural and urban areas, but not representative below this level. The main reason is that the IAF sample was clustered to maximize efficiency in the data collection process across a 12 month period, while the NPS sample, due to costs constrains, includes only 3 months. Therefore, the NPS sample does not have enough geographic dispersion to be representative at the province level or below.

All IAF households in the enumeration areas during the months of March-May were included in the NPS sample, resulting in 221 EAs and 2,234 households. This sampling strategy was chosen to reduce the effect of seasonality in the panel analysis when comparing the 2002/03 IAF data to the 2008 NPS data for the same sample households. Originally it was planned to interview all the IAF sample households in these EAs during the same month in which they had been interviewed for the 2002/03 IAF. However, because of delays in the survey planning process, the data collection for the NPS was postponed took place from September 2008 to February 2009.
The survey was designed to target eligible children/student (i.e. children aged 0-17 y.o. in 2003 or members enrolled in school in 2003) from the IAF sample. The households in the NPS sample were divided into 2 categories based on their status in 2003:

A. Target 2003 households. These are households that meet at least one of the following criteria:
· Households that had at least one child 0-17 years-old in 2003 (see question a13 in the questionnaire )
· Households that had someone in primary or secondary school in 2003, in spite of age (see question a14 in the questionnaire)
B. Alternate 2003 Households (14% of original NPS sample)

For the households that did not have any children or student in 2003 but were part of the IAF sample and were in the NPS enumeration area, the following two questions were asked to the first person who was found in the alternate household in 2008:
· Does this person's 2008 household currently have anyone who is between 5 and 17 years of age? (see question a15 in the questionnaire)
· Does this person's 2008 household currently have anyone who attending primary or secondary school? (see question a16 in the questionnaire)

If the answer was YES to either question (a15 or a16), the interviewer proceeded with the entire questionnaire. If the answer was NO to both questions, the interviewer stopped the interview.

In sum, target households are the source for the panel of children, while alternate households were included to supplement sample size.

There were two types of tracking in the NPS, that of households and that of children/students who split from the original 2003 household and joined new households in 2008. If the entire 2003 household moved in 2008, the field team would gather their new contact information with local leaders, neighbors, friend, etc and follow and interview the household at their new location, provided the household moved within the district (the survey only followed households/children that moved within the district level). New members of the household were also included in the interview.

If the 2003 household was split in 2008 and the members who moved out were a target member (children/student in 2003) who had moved within the district, then the team followed the individuals and interviewed both the original household (if a target member still lived there) and the split household.

The screening for tracking are in section B1 of the questionnaire. A member would be tracked if b100a =1 (this variable is an indicator of whether the member was target member, i.e. less than 17 y.o. in 2003 or attending school in 2003), and b108=2 (the member no longer lives in the household), and b111 <=2 (the member moved to the same village or district). If all these conditions were met, questions B112 (should the member be tracked?) should be 1 (YES) and the household should be followed. The variable "sp" indicates whether the household was the original (sp=0) or a split household (sp>=1).

In case all target members (b100a=1) moved out of the household, the interviewer should end the interview with the original household at question B114.

Mode of data collection
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Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument
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Inquérito aos Agregados Familiares (IAF) 2002 -2003

- caraterísticas gerais do agregado familiar
- questionário comunitário
- questionário das despesas diárias
- questionário das despesas e receitas

NPS Survey 2008-2009

General Household Questionnaire: modules A, B0, B1, B2 (demographics), C0 (education), D0 D1, D2, D3 (employment), E (household characteristics), H (education quality perception), I (transfers)
- Consumption module: modules F, GA, GB, GC, GD
- Education Event History Module: module C1
- Education Expenditure Modules: module C2

摘要
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2004年，银行与其它捐助方及莫桑比克政府共同对小学收费改革问题进行了贫困与社会影响分析。该研究部分成果促使政府废除小学教育学费。2006年，教育部与文化部（MEC）要求重复此分析，并针对贫困家庭进入中学的入学障碍进行类似的基线研究。特别是MEC寻求世界银行的协助，以评估至今为止小学教育融资改革的成功，以及制定新的政策和措施以减少最贫困家庭在获取小学和中学教育时所面临的障碍。本调查面板是银行对此要求的回应。
地理覆盖范围
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全国代表性
分析单元
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个人、家庭
总体
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本调查旨在针对从2002/03年度家庭综合调查（IAF）样本中抽取的有资格的儿童/学生（即2003年0-17岁的儿童或在学校就读的成员）。
数据类型
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样本调查数据 [ssd]
抽样程序
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教育成果调查面板（NPS）是根据2002/03年度家庭综合调查（IAF）的子样本设计的面板调查，该调查是在2002年7月至2003年6月期间在莫桑比克所有省份进行的全国性家庭收入和支出调查。NPS数据收集于2008年9月至2009年2月进行，由莫桑比克承包商（KPMG）执行，由世界银行和联合国儿童基金会进行现场监督。
NPS抽样框架由与2002/03年度IAF的特定月份相对应的统计区域（EA）组成，即2003年3月至5月，因为预计IAF每个季度都会分配一个具有全国代表性的EA子样本。需要强调的是，NPS数据在全国范围内对农村和城市地区具有代表性，但在更低层面则不具有代表性。主要原因在于IAF样本是为了在12个月的数据收集过程中提高效率而进行集群的，而NPS样本由于成本限制，仅包括3个月。因此，NPS样本在地理分布上不足以在省级或以下层面具有代表性。
在3月至5月期间的统计区域内的所有IAF家庭都被纳入NPS样本，结果产生了221个EA和2,234个家庭。这种抽样策略被选择是为了减少在面板分析中比较2002/03年度IAF数据与2008年NPS数据（针对相同样本家庭）时季节性效应的影响。最初计划在IAF样本家庭被采访的同一月份对这些EA中的所有IAF样本家庭进行采访。然而，由于调查规划过程延误，NPS的数据收集被推迟，并于2008年9月至2009年2月进行。
调查旨在针对从IAF样本中抽取的有资格的儿童/学生（即2003年0-17岁的儿童或在学校就读的成员）。NPS样本中的家庭根据其在2003年的状态分为以下两类：
A. 2003年目标家庭。这些家庭至少符合以下标准之一：
·2003年有至少一名0-17岁儿童的家庭（见问卷中的问题a13）；
·2003年有人员在小学或中学就读的家庭，尽管年龄可能不符（见问卷中的问题a14）。
B. 2003年替代家庭（原NPS样本的14%）。
对于2003年没有儿童或学生但属于IAF样本且位于NPS统计区域的家庭，对2008年首次在替代家庭中找到的人提出了以下两个问题：
·此人的2008年家庭目前是否有5至17岁的人？（见问卷中的问题a15）；
·此人的2008年家庭目前是否有人在上小学或中学？（见问卷中的问题a16）。
如果对任一问题（a15或a16）的回答是肯定，则调查员继续进行整个问卷。如果对两个问题都回答是否定，则调查员停止采访。
总的来说，目标家庭是儿童面板的来源，而替代家庭被纳入以补充样本量。
NPS有两种追踪类型，即家庭追踪和从原始2003年家庭中分离出来并在2008年加入新家庭的儿童/学生追踪。如果整个2003年家庭在2008年搬家，现场团队将收集当地领导人、邻居、朋友等的最新联系信息，并在新地点追踪和采访该家庭，前提是该家庭在区内搬家（调查仅追踪在区级内搬家的家庭/儿童）。家庭的新成员也被纳入采访。
如果2003年家庭在2008年分裂，并且搬出去的成员是2003年的目标成员（儿童/学生），则团队将追踪个人，并对原始家庭（如果目标成员仍然居住在那里）和分裂的家庭进行采访。
追踪筛选在问卷的B1部分。如果b100a =1（该变量是成员是否为目标成员的指标，即2003年小于17岁或在学校就读），b108=2（该成员不再居住在家庭中），b111 <=2（该成员搬到了同一村庄或区），则成员将被追踪。如果所有这些条件都满足，则问题B112（是否应追踪成员）的答案应为1（是）且家庭应被追踪。变量“sp”表示家庭是原始家庭（sp=0）还是分裂家庭（sp>=1）。
如果所有目标成员（b100a=1）搬出了家庭，则调查员应在问题B114结束时结束原始家庭的采访。
数据收集方式
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面对面 [f2f]
研究工具
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家庭综合调查（IAF）2002 -2003
- 家庭总体特征
- 社区问卷
- 每日支出问卷
- 支出与收入问卷
NPS调查 2008-2009
一般家庭问卷：模块A、B0、B1、B2（人口统计学），C0（教育），D0 D1、D2、D3（就业），E（家庭特征），H（教育质量感知），I（转移）
- 消费模块：模块F、GA、GB、GC、GD
- 教育事件历史模块：模块C1
- 教育支出模块：模块C2