Data from: Evolutionary divergence via sexual selection acting on females in a species with sex role reversal

1. There is much evidence that sexual selection drives the evolutionary divergence of male sexual traits, but little is known of females. 2. Comparisons between neutral genetic divergence (FST) and phenotypic divergence (PST) among populations can reveal evolutionary responses to selection. 3. In the bushcricket Kawanaphila nartee, changes in floral food availability cause sex roles to shift from competitive females and choosy males to choosy females and competitive males midway through the breeding season. Males call to attract females, and female auditory spiracle size is under sexual selection. We ask whether selection on females can drive an evolutionary divergence in auditory spiracle size among populations. 4. We sampled 188 individuals from nine geographic locations and analysed 9,478 neutral SNP loci and two phenotypic characters to estimate FST and PST, respectively. 5. We found that PST for female auditory spiracle size far exceeded the global FST, suggesting that female auditory spiracle size is subject to strong directional selection. We relate differences in phenotypic traits to differences in geological and floristic characteristics among the sites. 6. Our data suggest that variation in sexual selection driven by variation in the floristic community on which this species feeds may contribute to the strength of directional selection acting on female K. nartee among populations. 7. Together, these findings indicate that divergence among populations can be driven by sexual selection acting on females, even when that selection is temporary and circumscribed.

1. 已有大量研究证实，性选择可驱动雄性性征的进化分化，但针对雌性的同类认知却极为有限。
2. 比较种群间的中性遗传分化（FST）与表型分化（PST），可揭示种群对选择压力的进化响应。
3. 在鸣螽*Kawanaphila nartee*中，花期食物可获得性的变化会导致性角色在繁殖季中期发生转变：从雌性竞争、雄性择偶的模式，切换为雌性择偶、雄性竞争的模式。雄性通过鸣叫吸引雌性，而雌性听觉气门大小处于性选择作用之下。本研究旨在探讨雌性所受的性选择是否可驱动不同种群间雌性听觉气门大小的进化分化。
4. 研究团队从9个地理种群中共采集188个个体，对9478个中性单核苷酸多态性（Single Nucleotide Polymorphism, SNP）位点与2个表型性状进行分析，分别以此估算FST与PST值。
5. 结果显示，雌性听觉气门大小的PST值远高于全局FST值，表明雌性听觉气门大小受到强烈的定向选择作用。研究人员将表型性状差异与各采样点的地质及植物区系特征差异进行了关联分析。
6. 本研究数据表明，该物种取食的植物群落组成差异所驱动的性选择强度变化，可能是导致不同种群间雌性*K. nartee*定向选择作用强度存在差异的重要诱因之一。
7. 综上，即便性选择具有临时性与局限性，作用于雌性的性选择仍可推动不同种群间的进化分化。