Data from: Panmixia supports divergence with gene flow in Darwin’s small ground finch, Geospiza fuliginosa, on Santa Cruz, Galápagos Islands

The divergence-with-gene-flow model of speciation has a strong theoretical basis with a growing number of plausible examples in nature, but remains hotly debated. Darwin’s finches of the Galápagos Archipelago have played an important role in our understanding of speciation processes. Recent studies suggest that this group may also provide insights into speciation via divergence with gene flow. On the island of Santa Cruz, recent studies found evidence for adaptive divergence in Darwin’s small ground finch, Geospiza fuliginosa, between ecologically contrasting arid and humid zones. Despite the short geographical distance between these zones, strong disruptive selection during low rainfall periods is expected to generate and maintain adaptive divergence. Conversely, during high rainfall periods, when disruptive selection is predicted to be weakened, population divergence in adaptive traits is expected to break down. Because periods of low and high rainfall irregularly alternate, the geographical pattern of adaptive divergence can be assumed to break down and, importantly, regenerate in situ. Here, we use microsatellite allele frequency data to assess the genetic population structure of G. fuliginosa on Santa Cruz. We sample 21 sites and four ecological zones across the island. We reject hypotheses of population substructure linked to ecological and geographical differences among sites in favour of a single panmictic population. Panmixia implies high levels of gene flow within Santa Cruz, which favours selection over genetic drift as a valid process generating phenotypic divergence in G. fuliginosa on Santa Cruz. We discuss how our findings may support classic adaptation, phenotypic plasticity, matching habitat choice or any combination of these three processes.

物种形成的基因流分化模型（divergence-with-gene-flow model of speciation）拥有坚实的理论基础，且在自然界中不断涌现出更多可信的实证案例，但该模型至今仍被广泛热议。加拉帕戈斯群岛的达尔文雀（Darwin’s finches）在我们理解物种形成过程中发挥了关键作用。近期研究表明，该类群或许也能为理解伴随基因流的物种形成过程提供新视角。在圣克鲁斯岛，近期研究发现达尔文地雀中的小地雀（Geospiza fuliginosa）在生态特征迥异的干旱与湿润生境之间存在适应性分化的证据。尽管这些生境的地理间距极短，但在低降水时期，强烈的间断选择有望产生并维持适应性分化。反之，在高降水时期，间断选择的作用预计会被削弱，适应性性状的种群分化则会趋于消失。由于低降水与高降水时期无规律交替，适应性分化的地理格局会被打破，且重要的是，还能在原地重新形成。本研究利用微卫星（microsatellite）等位基因频率数据，对圣克鲁斯岛小地雀（G. fuliginosa）的种群遗传结构进行评估。我们在全岛范围内布设了21个采样点，涵盖4个生态生境类型。我们摒弃了基于种群亚结构与采样点间生态及地理差异相关联的假说，转而支持圣克鲁斯岛小地雀为一个随机交配种群（panmictic population）的观点。随机交配意味着圣克鲁斯岛内存在高强度的基因流，这支持选择而非遗传漂变是驱动该岛小地雀表型分化的有效过程这一结论。我们进一步讨论了本研究结果如何支持经典适应性进化、表型可塑性以及生境匹配选择，或是这三种过程的任意组合。