The effectiveness of a training program using play in alleviating Oppositional Defiant Disorder among deaf students and intellectually disabled "Able to learning"

The research aims to find out the effectiveness of a training program using play in alleviating
Oppositional Defiant Disorder among deaf students and intellectually disabled "Able to learning". The
sample consisted of 23 students, (11) of intellectually disabled students, and 12 deaf students, aged
between (13:15) with an average of (3.14) and a standard deviation of (4.1) years. The researchers used
Oppositional Defiant Disorder scale, and play program (prepared by researchers), and note card
behaviour. The researchers used statistical methods: Mann-Whitney, Wilcoxon, Effect Size, Analysis
of Gain Scores. Results indicated the presence of significant differences in post=test measurement at
level of (0.01) in the total score and sub-domains (behaviours of anger, tension, and dialectical and
revenge behaviour). There were no statistically significant differences in the iterative measurement
which indicated the continued effectiveness of the program. There were no significant differences in
the amount of statistically significant improvement in any of the groups on the other. The authors
discussed the results in accordance with educational literature review and previous studies in the field
of deaf and mental disability and they offered number of recommendations for future research.
Key words: play program, Oppositional Defiant Disorder, intellectually disabled students "able to
learning" deaf students.

本研究旨在探讨采用游戏式训练方案缓解聋生与具备学习能力的智力障碍学生的对立违抗性障碍（Oppositional Defiant Disorder）的有效性。
本研究的样本共23名学生，其中11名为具备学习能力的智力障碍学生，12名为聋生，年龄介于13至15岁，平均年龄为3.14岁，年龄标准差为4.1年。
研究者采用了对立违抗性障碍量表、研究者自编的游戏训练方案以及行为记录卡片法，所使用的统计方法包括曼-惠特尼U检验（Mann-Whitney）、威尔科克森符号秩检验（Wilcoxon）、效应量（Effect Size）以及增益分数分析（Analysis of Gain Scores）。
结果显示，在0.01的显著性水平下，后测的总分及各子维度（愤怒行为、焦虑行为、对立辩驳行为与报复行为）均存在显著统计学差异。重复测量结果未显示出统计学显著差异，表明该训练方案具有持续有效性。两组间的改善幅度未呈现统计学显著差异。
研究者结合教育领域文献综述及聋生与智力障碍领域的既往研究对结果进行了讨论，并为未来研究提出了若干建议。
关键词：游戏训练方案，对立违抗性障碍（Oppositional Defiant Disorder），具备学习能力的智力障碍学生，聋生。